Several novel techniques for the study of thermophysical characteristics have opened up new avenues for understanding the flow and heat transfer effects in nanofluids, leading to novel applications. There have been studies on nanofluids including different metal, ceramic and magnetic nanoparticles mixed with base fluids such as Water, Kerosene, and Ethylene glycol. However, research using semiconductor nanoparticles is restricted. For the investigation, Gallium nitrite, a binary semiconductor with excellent heat convection combined with base fluid Ethylene glycol in nanoparticle form, is employed.  Williamson MHD nanofluid (GaN nanoparticles + Ethylene glycol) is examined across a stretched sheet with porosity under the impact of convective boundary conditions, thermal radiation, thermal source/sink, and activation energy in three dimensions. The governing equations are turned into dimensionless ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations. Numerical analysis was carried out in MATLAB utilizing bvp5c and the shooting technique. The results are visually shown, and plausible scientific explanations for the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles with respect to different parameters are provided. In addition, the Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are presented in tabular form. The velocity and temperature profiles increased while the concentration profile decreased as the volume fraction of Gallium nitride nanoparticles in the Williamson nanofluid increased. Physical significances were also assigned to each observed outcome.

Several new techniques in the field of heat transfer in fluids have opened new avenues for studying the heat transfer effects in nanofluids and thermodynamic flow parameters, leading to novel applications. There have been studies on nanofluids, including metal, ceramic and magnetic nanoparticles mixed with base fluids such as Water, Kerosene, and Ethylene glycol. However, research on fluids employing semiconductor nanoparticles as supplements to base fluids to generate nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids is limited. For the investigation, Gallium nitrite, a binary semiconductor with excellent heat convection, is together with Cu metal nanoparticles and Al 2 O 3 ceramic nanoparticles separately in the base fluid Ethylene glycol (EG) to form hybrid nanofluids. The effects of convective boundary conditions, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, suction/injection, and activation energy on three-dimensional Williamson MHD hybrid nanofluid flow of Cu + GaN + EG, Al 2 O 3 + GaN + EG, and Cu + Al 2 O 3 + EG are investigated on a stretched sheet with porosity. A similarity transformation is performed on the governing equations to transform them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations ODEs. Numerical analysis is carried out in MATLAB utilizing bvp5c and the shooting technique. The variations of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as a function of different physical effects are presented graphically with dimensionless parameters and explained the variations scientifically. As varied with different parameters, the values of the Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are mentioned in the table.How to cite this paper: Jyotshna, M. and Dhanalaxmi, V. (2022) A Comparative Study of Williamson Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Consisting of Cu, GaN, and Al 2 O 3 Nanoparticles in Ethylene Glycol over a Stretching Sheet with Suction/Injection and Heat Source/Sink.