Researchers are very concerned about addressing or managing the growing problem of global warming or climate change. Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases, of which carbon dioxide (CO2) alone contributes 60%. By absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2) during photosynthesis and naturally storing it as biomass, trees serve as a sink for CO2 because trees have the ability to store carbon and can lessen the effects of climate change and global warming, planting trees or restoring forests may be a solution to this growing problem. This review paper can be helpful since it discusses the interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the roots of trees, which benefits the plant for better germination and growth. dormancy of seeds or a delay in growth can be identified as a disadvantage in a plantation program. With the hope that this information would advance the field of research, we have concentrated on mycorrhizal association and its impact on different species of trees in this work. It can be useful for tree species that have lower biomass or slower growth.

Melia azedarach, a versatile tree belonging to the Meliaceae family, presents a significant challenge in achieving successful seed germination for forest plantations. The robust nature of Melia azedarach seeds necessitates pre-treatments to overcome physical barriers and enhance water absorption. Natural ecosystems often benefit from the symbiotic relationship between Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and plant roots, which promotes survival and growth. This study examined the impact of Glomus mosseae-inoculated soil on Melia azedarach seeds treated with pre-sowing techniques at the Nursery of the Forestry Department, CCSHAU, Hisar in 2019. Glomus mosseae was sown at a rate of 400–500 sporocarps per kg of soil, and its influence was evaluated in terms of physiological parameters, survival rate, root colonization percentage, and sporocarp count. Each replication of the experiment involved 250 seedlings and was repeated five times. Results demonstrated that soils inoculated with Glomus mosseae and treated with gibberellic acid at 200 ppm for 24 hours prior to sowing exhibited significantly higher physiological parameters (chlorophyll and carotenoid content, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance), survival percentage, root colonization percentage, and sporocarp count (per 100 g of soil). Therefore, the combined use of Glomus mosseae and gibberellic acid at 200 ppm for 24 hours is recommended to enhance physiological growth and plant survival in Melia azedarach.

Melia composita (Burma dek) is one of the multipurpose fast growing tree species applicable for the agri-silviculture system. In northern India, due to its fast growing and short rotation nature it has developed one of chosen tree species by the farmers under agroforestry. Melia composita occurs mostly in tropical moist and dry deciduous forest of Himalayas. The seed have Hard endocarp and therefore quite difficult to germinate. There are different types of seed dormancy and it helps in find out the better pre-sowing treatment to assure early and uniform germination of seeds. This leads to minimize the cost of large scale seedlings production. The present study was conducted at Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University during 2019 to evaluate the “Effect of pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of Melia composita”. Five pre-sowing treatments viz., normal water soaking (24, 48 and 72hr), conc. H2SO4 (5, 10 and 15 min.), cow dung slurry (5, 10 and 15 days), boiling water (5, 10 and 15 min.), mechanical scarification + GA3 (100 ppm) (8, 16 and 24hr). In laboratory conditions, maximum germination (64.67 %) and seed viability (74.67%) were recorded in concentrated H2SO4 treatment at 15 minute, whereas maximum root length (7.54 cm), shoot length (16.72 cm), root: shoot ratio and seedling dry weight (0.65g) were recorded in mechanical scarification + GA3 (100 ppm) at 24 hr.

Dormancy in seeds is defined as the failure of seeds to germinate despite the presence of all necessary conditions for germination. It is caused by the impermeability of the hard seed coat or a lack of availability and activity of germination-essential enzymes. Seeds undergo a variety of physical and chemical pre-treatments to break their dormancy. It results into lower seed germination rate and poor growth. To overcome this drawback various treatments are given to the seeds before sowing this study reviews some of the pre-sowing practices and the effects they have on seed germination and growth. Scientists are quite concerned about seed dormancy; hence it is a research topic of interest to develop an effective solution. All viable seeds are capable of germinating if the proper pre-sowing treatment is used.

Mung bean is a short-duration ancient legume crop that can be grown as a sole or intercrop for grain and green manure in all three crop seasons, including winter, summer and rainy in various regions of the country. MYMV (Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus) disease is one of the most destructive diseases transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn) persistently. Weather parameters have no direct effect on MYMV, but affect the whitefly population. Field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years from 2019-2021 as to know the effect of weather parameters on the whitefly population. Development of whitefly population and MYMV disease severity were recorded in mungbean crops at 7 days interval starting from 20 days after sowing (DAS). The present study showed that whitefly population builds up starting in July and reached to maximum at end of August to early September. There are various factors influencing the build-up of whitefly population viz., maximum temperature 36±2°C, minimum temperature 25±2°C, morning relative humidity more than 90 percent, more sunshine hours and no rainfall prevailing during that period. Whitefly population had positive significant correlation with maximum temperature and bright sunshine hours while evening relative humidity and rainfall were recorded as negatively significant. Three-year data is very helpful in guiding the farmers for timely and preventive sprays based on existing infections and the population of whitefly in a season.