Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which consist of receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins, sense microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns associated with pathogen infection to trigger immune responses in plants. Several kinases of the 46-member Arabidopsis () receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) subfamily VII play important roles in pattern-triggered immunity, but it is unclear whether different RLCK VII members act specifically or redundantly in immune signaling. Here, we constructed nine higher order mutants of this subfamily (named to) and systematically characterized their immune phenotypes. The mutants , -, and - had compromised reactive oxygen species production in response to all patterns tested, indicating that the corresponding members are broadly required for the signaling of multiple PRRs. However, was defective specifically in chitin-induced reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that RCLK VII-4 members mediate the signaling of specific PRRs. Furthermore, RLCK VII-4 members were required for the chitin-triggered activation of MAPK, demonstrating that these kinases link a PRR to MAPK activation. Moreover, we found that RLCK VII-6 and -8 also were required for RK-mediated root growth. Together, these results show that numerous RLCK VII members are involved in pattern-triggered immune signaling and uncover both common and specific roles of these kinases in plant development and immunity mediated by various RKs.

We report an 8-element spectral beam combination of Yb-doped all fiber superfluorescent sources around 1070 nm wavelength. Each source consists of a 60 mW front-end and a 1.5 kW three-stage fiber amplifier chain. The eight output beamlets are spectrally combined using a home-made polarization-independent multilayer dielectric reflective diffraction grating. 10.8 kW output power is achieved with an efficiency of 94%. Besides, both theoretical and experimental studies of dual grating dispersion compensation scheme have been performed, which is proved to be a prospective way for high brightness spectral beam combination.

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