N ovel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) reduce incidence of stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.1 Several studies demonstrated hematoma expansion in patients with ICH occurring during warfarin therapy and poor clinical outcomes.2 However, information regarding hematoma size, its expansion, and functional and vital outcomes of patients with ICH occurring during NOAC treatment have been limited and remain largely unclear.Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are said to be predictive of the occurrence of ICH or ischemic stroke 3 and to increase the risk of warfarin-associated ICH. 4 Furthermore, a considerable interest has been shown in association between CMBs and subsequent ICH in patients treated with NOACs. 5 In the present study, we investigated clinical and neuroradiological characteristics of patients with ICH occurring during NOAC treatment. MethodsFrom April 2011 through October 2013, 585 patients (342 men) with ICH were admitted to the Hirosaki Stroke and Rehabilitation Center for acute therapy <7 days after the onset (n=329) and for further rehabilitation therapy <60 days after the onset from other hospitals (n=256). Of all, 5 patients (1%) had ICH during NOAC treatment with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, 56 (10%) during warfarin, and the other 524 (89%) during Background and Purpose-Neuroradiological characteristics and functional outcomes of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) during novel oral anticoagulant treatment were not well defined. We examined these in comparison with those during warfarin treatment. Methods-The consecutive 585 patients with ICH admitted from April 2011 through October 2013 were retrospectively studied. Of all, 5 patients (1%) had ICH during rivaroxaban treatment, 56 (10%) during warfarin, and the other 524 (89%) during no anticoagulants. We focused on ICH during rivaroxaban and warfarin treatments and compared the clinical characteristics, neuroradiological findings, and functional outcomes. Results-Patients in the rivaroxaban group were all at high risk for major bleeding with hypertension, abnormal renal/ liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, labile international normalized ratio, elderly, drugs/alcohol concomitantly (HAS-BLED) score of 3 and higher rate of past history of ICH. Moreover, multiple cerebral microbleeds (≥4) were detected more frequently in rivaroxaban group than in warfarin (80% versus 29%; P=0.04). Hematoma volume in rivaroxaban group was markedly smaller than that in warfarin (median: 4 versus 11 mL; P=0.03). No patient in the rivaroxaban group had expansion of hematoma and surgical treatment. Rivaroxaban group showed lower modified Rankin Scale at discharge relative to warfarin, and the difference between modified Rankin Scale before admission and at discharge was smaller in rivaroxaban than in warfarin (median: 1 versus 3; P=0.047). No patient in the rivaroxaban group died during hospitalization, whereas 10 (18%) warfarin patients died. Conclusions-Rivaroxaban-associated ICH occur...

To elucidate the pulsed fluorocarbon plasma behavior, a surface-wave probe with high time resolution was used to measure the electron density n e in the afterglow of plasma. In a dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma of fluorocarbon chemistry, e.g., an O2-based C4F6 and Ar mixture, n e vanished rapidly in a short time (∼5 µs), whilst the dc current flowing onto the top electrode biased at −300 V decreased very slowly (decay time ∼70 µs). This observation is clear evidence of ion–ion plasma formation by electron attachment in the afterglow. We point out that the electron attachment rates for fluorocarbon radicals significantly affect the electrons and ion–ion plasma behaviors observed at the afterglow phase.

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An analysis of the Kimura 3ST model of DNA sequence evolution is given on the basis of its continuous Lie symmetries. The rate matrix commutes with a U(1) × U(1) × U(1) phase subgroup of the group GL(4) of 4 × 4 invertible complex matrices acting on a linear space spanned by the four nucleic acid base letters. The diagonal 'branching operator' representing speciation is defined, and shown to intertwine the U(1)×U(1)×U(1) action. Using the intertwining property, a general formula for the probability density on the leaves of a binary tree under the Kimura model is derived, which is shown to be equivalent to established phylogenetic spectral transform methods.The use of Markov models of stochastic change to taxonomic character distributions is part of the standard armoury of techniques for describing mutations and inferring ancestral relationships between taxa. For the simplest models, symmetries of the rate matrix under discrete group actions (Z 2 for binary types, or Z 2 × Z 2 for DNA or RNA bases in molecular applications, for example) have been used to good effect in simplifying phylogenetic analysis (for references, see below). In particular, much attention has been centred on properties of the frequently used Kimura 3ST model [1] which possesses such symmetry.A general framework for phylogenetic branching models is as follows [2]. By assumption, different taxonomic units are identified, and classified by a set of defining characteristics: for example, based on morphological features or on sequence data, say, for a particular gene or protein. To each taxon is ascribed a character probability density, and it is the task of phylogenetic reconstruction to infer ancestral relationships amongst a group of related taxa, given sample character frequencies.In this letter, we describe an approach to the analysis of symmetries of such models using continuous transformation groups. Rather than identifying the character types with