IntroductionLyssa viruses are representing a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries by causing lethal encephalitis in animals and humans. There is very few information on the way that lyssa viruses in general and Duvenhage virus caused disease [1]. This virus family has shape appear as a bullet, virion was envelop with a sense negatively RNA genome single strand which encodes for five proteins of viral: nucleoprotein, protein for matrix, phosphoprotein, glycoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [2,3]. The incubation time is different, and the death is commonly occurred within six and eleven days after paralytic sign's forms, which limit treatment options [4]. Details of the lyssa virus's cycles like Duvenhage, Lagos bat, and Mokola viruses are unspecific [5,6]. The Lyssavirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae consists of eleven additional virus species have been recognized within the genus Lyssavirus, which replicate in vertebrates, and mainly carried by bats except Mokola virus, and are restricted in special areas around the world [7]. African lyssa viruses include Mokola virus (MOKV), Lagos bat virus (LBV), and DUVV. European bat lyssa viruses 1 and 2 (EBLV 1 and 2 respectively), Irkut (IRKV), Aravan (ARAV), Khujant (KHUV) and West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV) cause cases in Europe and Asia. Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) is restricted to Australia [8,9]. RABV (genotype 1) only bats isolated in South and North America, but rabies associated viruses have been bats isolated from another place. In Africa-countries, DUVV and LBV are bats associated with it, but Mokola virus is related with rodents and shrews [10]. Many susceptible vertebrates, sometimes have been found to be infected by rarely identified lyssaviruses, a human with Duvenhage virus [11,12]. The discovered of Duvenhage virus in South Africa in 1970 when the rabies was caused fatal like disease for a bitten person by a bat [13]. After that, they suggest that the virus isolated was a Miniopterusschreibersite for the reason that wide genus distribution in exposure area. The bat species previously identified as M. schreibersite in Africa is now known as Miniopterusnatalensis and then in 1986 the virus was isolated from an insectivorous bat, Nycteristhebaica in Zimbabwe. After 36 years later, DUVV was identified in human: in South Africa 2006 and subsequently in Kenya in 2007 [9]. Although most of the rabies infections are thought to be zoonotic, clinical cases have also been caused by Duvenhage virus, EBLV 1, EBLV 2, Australian bat Lyssavirus, Mokola virus and Irkut virus. Humans are likely to be susceptible to other rabies-related lyssa viruses [14]. Very few laboratories in African countries can diagnose species of rabies infection [9]. Some studies done to control measures and monitoring the spreading of lyssa viruses found that mongoose-related rabies in South Africa are different from classic rabies of dog [10]. Up to date no effective treatment is available for rabies infection. According to phylogeny, serological cro...

Objective In this study, we analyzed the molecular evolution of Staphylococcus aureus isolates using 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis to detect the prevalence of S. aureus infections in Sudan. Results Molecular detection of S. aureus has shown that 20 (43.47%) of patients were positive for S. aureus. The phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA sequences was divided into three lineages of S. aureus isolates detected from wound infections in Sudan. Nucleotides base-pair substitution was appeared at position 249. This mutation do not linked with Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramines b resistant phenotype. Further studies should investigate the effect of that mutation on resistance to other antibiotics.

Objective: European bat lyssaviruses (EBLV) type 2 is present in many European countries. Infection is usually seen in bats, the primary reservoirs of the viruses. Human deaths have been documented within few days following bat exposures. So, it is very useful to design an insilco peptide vaccine for European bat lyssaviruses type 2 virus using glycoprotein G as an immunogen to stimulate protective immune response. Results: B cell tests were conducted for Bepipred with 15 conserved epitopes, Emini surface accessibility prediction with 7 conserved epitopes in the surface and Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity tested with three conserved epitopes being antigenic. 357 conserved epitopes were predicted to interact with different MHC-1 alleles with (IC50) ≤500 while 282 conserved epitopes found to interact with MHC-II alleles with IC50≤ 1000. Among all tested epitopes for world population coverage the epitope VFSYMELKV binding to MHC11 alleles was 97.94% and it found to bind 10 different alleles that indicate strong potential to formulate peptide vaccine for lyssaviruses type 2 virus. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to propose peptide vaccine for European bat lyssavirus type 2.

Objective: In this study, we analyzed the molecular evolution of Staphylococcus aureus isolates using 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis to detect the prevalence of S. aureus infections in Sudan. Results: Molecular detection of S.aureus has shown that 20(43.47%) of patients were positive for S.aureus. The phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA sequences was divided into three lineages of S.aureus isolates detected from wound infections in Sudan. Nucleotides base-pair substitution was appeared at position 249. This mutation do not linked with Macrolides, Lincosamides and Streptogramines b resistant phenotype. Further studies should investigate the effect of that mutation on resistance to other antibiotics.

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is a ubiquitous bacterium that affects nearly half of the world’s population with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Polymorphisms within the tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-A ) promoter region are considered a possible genetic basis for this disease. AIM To functionally characterize the genetic variations in the TNF-A 5’-region (-584 to +107) of Sudanese patients infected with H. pylori using in silico tools. METHODS An observational study was carried out in major public and private hospitals in Khartoum state. A total of 122 gastric biopsies were taken from patients who had been referred for endoscopy. Genomic DNA was extracted. Genotyping of the TNF-A -1030 polymorphism was performed using PCR with confronting two-pair primer to investigate its association with the susceptibility to H. pylori infection in the Sudanese population. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing was applied to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5’-region (-584 to +107) of TNF-A in H. pylori -infected patients. Bioinformatics analyses were used to predict whether these mutations would alter transcription factor binding sites or composite regulatory elements in this region. A comparative profiling analysis was conducted in 11 species using the ECR browser and multiple-sequence local alignment and visualization search engine to investigate the possible conservation. Also, a multivariate logistic regression model was constructed to estimate odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for the association between TNF-A -1030, sociodemographic characteristics and H. pylori infection. Differences were statistically significant if P < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 11 software. RESULTS A total of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in the TNF-A 5’-region of Sudanese patients infected with H. pylori . Only one of them (T > A, -76) was located at the in silico-predicted promoter region (-146 to +10), and it was predicted to alter transcription factor binding sites and composite regulatory elements. A novel mutation (A > T, +27) was detected in the 5’ untranslated region, and it could affect the post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. Genotyping of TNF-A -1030 showed a lack of significant association between -1030T and susceptibility to H. pylori and gastric cancer in the studied population ( P = 0.1756) and ( P = 0.8116), respectively. However, a significant association was dete...