The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program is considered a crucial component of the social safety net in the United States, yet there is limited supporting evidence on the effects of WIC on the nutritional well-being and food security of infants and young children. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we apply recently developed partial identification methods to jointly account for unobserved counterfactual outcomes and systematic underreporting of WIC participation. Under nonparametric assumptions, we find that WIC reduces the prevalence of child food insecurity by at least 3.6 percentage points (20%).

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We present a new command, tebounds, that implements a variety of techniques to bound the average treatment effect of a binary treatment on a binary outcome in light of endogenous and misreported treatment assignment. To tighten the worst case bounds, the monotone treatment selection, monotone treatment response, and monotone instrumental-variable assumptions of Manski

Background: The health and social conditions of the Appalachian region generally are poorer than in the US overall, and this gap is widening, suggesting disability may be higher in Appalachia. Objective: To describe the prevalence of disability overall and by domain in Appalachian and non-Appalachian regions in North Carolina (NC) and describe the characteristics of people with and without disability in each region. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the NC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 2013 to 2016 which assessed disability in five domains: vision, cognitive, mobility, self-care, and independent living. We calculated weighted proportions and age-and sex-adjusted prevalence using direct standardization to the 2010 Census. Results: The prevalence of disability in Appalachian NC was significantly higher than in non-Appalachian NC after standardizing by age and sex (26.6% in Appalachia, 24.1% outside Appalachia, p < 0.001). In both regions, mobility disability was most common and self-care disability was least common. People within Appalachia more frequently reported disability in all domains compared to people outside Appalachia. Conclusions: More than one in four adults in Appalachian North Carolina experience disability in at least one domain and one in eight experiences disability in multiple domains. The high prevalence of disability should be considered when planning programs and services across the spectrum of public health. Understanding common disability domains present in populations can inform public health agencies and service providers and help them develop programs and messaging that meet the needs of residents in Appalachia and are accessible to people with disabilities.