Background: Moringa oleifera, a widely cultivated species in India, is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable with a variety of potential uses in treating rheumatism, venomous bites, and microbial infections. In the present study, we investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of M. oleifera pods (MOMtE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats. Methods: Diabetic rats were treated with 150 or 300 mg ⁄ kg MOMtE for 21 days and the antidiabetic effects of the extract were evaluated by measuring changes in biochemical parameters in the serum and pancreatic tissue. Two phytoconstituents, namely quercetin and kaempferol, were isolated from the MOMtE extract and their structures were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Results: The progression of diabetes was significantly reduced after MOMtE treatment. In treated rats, both doses of MOMtE induced a significant reduction in serum glucose and nitric oxide, with concomitant increases in serum insulin and protein levels. Furthermore, MOMtE treatment increased antioxidant levels in pancreatic tissue, with concomitant decreases in levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Histologic examination of the pancreas from diabetic rats showed degenerative changes in b-cells; MOMtE treatment significantly reversed the histoarchitectural damage to the islets cells. Conclusion: In conclusion, M. oleifera exerts protective effects against STZinduced diabetes. The MOMtE exhibited significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity and active constituents may be isolated from the extract for evaluation in future clinical studies.

Trigonelline (N-methylnicotinate) biosynthesized from nicotinate is one of the metabolically active pyridine alkaloid, widely distributed in plant kingdom. In the present study trigonelline has been isolated from various plant parts and callus cultures of Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae, and was identified using TLC, GLC, GC-MS, which was comparable to that of the standard trigonelline. The trigonelline recovery was found to be maximum in the pods and minimum in flowers. In order to enhance the production of trigonelline in vitro grown cultures, different treatment doses of nicotinic acid (250, 500 and 750 mg L -1 ) were supplemented in the medium as precursor. Maximum increase (up to 1.10 fold) was observed in the treatment dose of 500 mg L -1 of nicotinic acid.

Poly­(ether amine) (PEA)-based fluorescent polymer carbon dots (FPCDs) have been synthesized via a simple Schiff base reaction between poly­(ether amine) (PEA) and formaldehyde followed by its hydrothermal treatment. The resulting water-soluble FPCDs are 2 nm in size and show excitation-dependent emission properties. Blue-emissive FPCDs exhibit the maximum intensity of fluorescence at 440 nm under 360 nm excitation and show a high quantum yield of ∼18%. FPCDs are used for selective Fe3+ metal ion sensing in aqueous media through the fluorescence quenching of FPCDs with a limit of detection of ∼162 nM. Nontoxic FPCDs have been used for cancer cell imaging and also for intracellular Fe3+ metal ion sensing in cancer cells. FPCDs have been used for Fe3+ ion sensing in industrial effluents, and they serve as sensors even in the presence of other competing metal ions. To determine the real application potential of FPCDs as a sensor, FPCDs are used to establish the Fe3+ metal ion content in samples of spiked blood serum with remarkable specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Moreover, we proposed a possible sensing mechanism wherein Fe3+ metal ions interacted with the functional groups present on the surface of FPCDs, and fluorescence quenching occurred via a static quenching mechanism along with an inner filter effect (IFE).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting either the 3′ untranslated or coding regions of genes. They have been reported to play key roles in a wide range of biological processes. The recent remarkable developments of transcriptomics technologies, especially next-generation sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatics tools, allow more in-depth exploration of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs. These technologies have offered great opportunities for a deeper exploration of miRNA involvement in farm animal diseases, as well as livestock productivity and welfare. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of miRNA roles in major farm animal diseases with a particular focus on diseases of economic importance. In addition, we discuss the steps and future perspectives of using miRNAs as biomarkers and molecular therapy for livestock disease management as well as the challenges and opportunities for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs related to disease pathogenesis.

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