Objective: This study involves the use Natural Rubber degrading Bacterial co-cultures isolated from rubber plantation soil for the degradation of Artificial Rubber. Methods:Plate assay method and liquid assay method by using Mineral Salt Medium was followed for screening of bacteria for its capacity to mineralize Artificial rubber. Degradation was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies. The co-cultures were able to utilize the artificial rubber which was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and FTIR studies. Results: Bacterial cocultures have the capacity to mineralize artificial rubber. Mineralization was observed for 30 days and it was maximum (6.48 x 10-5) on the 20th Day. This was confirmed using SEM and FTIR.Further, these were applied on bioplastics and plastics to study their capacity to degrade them. It was able to degrade them as well which was confirmed using FTIR. Conclusion: From current investigation, it can be concluded that the bacterial cocultures Bacillus cohnii and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis have the capacity to mineralize artificial rubber, plastics and bioplastics. Hence such isolated cocultures can be used in removal of artificial rubber, plastics and bioplastic wastes from the environment.

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Objective: To isolate Natural Rubber degrading Bacterial co-cultures from rubber plantation soil and to characterize and identify the organisms by 16s r RNA sequencing. Methods: Cocultures of the bacteria were isolated from the contaminated site by enrichment culture technique. Plate assay method and liquid assay method by using Mineral Salt Medium was followed for screening of bacteria for its capacity to mineralize Natural rubber. Degradation was confirmed by Spectrophotmetric and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies.Natural rubber degraded by the cocultures were studied at different concentrations and the physico-chemical analysis were optimized (pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources) Results: Isolated organism was identified as Bacillus cohnii and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis. The co-cultures were able to utilize the Natural rubber which was confirmed by Spectrophotometric and FTIR studies. From the current study it was evaluated that Natural rubber was mineralized up to 50 % where optimum concentration was 10 %. Conclusion: From current investigation, it can be concluded that our isolated bacterial cocultures Bacillus cohnii and Brevundimonas naejangsanensis have the capacity to mineralize Natural rubber and hence such isolated cocultures can be used in removal of from waste Natural rubber products in the environment.

This paper presents a distributed frequency control method for power grids with high penetration of inverterconnected resources under low and time-varying inertia due to renewable energy (RE). We provide a distributed virtual inertia (VI) allocation method using the distributed subgradient algorithm. We implement our distributed control strategy under full and sparse communication architectures. The distributed full and sparse communication controllers achieve comparable performance to a centralized controller and stabilize the test system within 6 s. We study the sensitivity of the controller performance to varying objective function weights on phase angle versus frequency deviation, gradient step sizes, and allowed rate of change of inertia (RoCoI) coefficients. We observe that the settling time of the states and the controller performance and effort are susceptible to changes in the gradient step size and objective weights on the frequency and angle deviation. While a higher objective weight on angle versus frequency deviations positively affects their settling times, it negatively impacts controller performance and control effort. The impact of this work is to propose distributed control schemes as new mechanisms that act before or in alignment with primary and secondary control to safely regulate the frequency in future power grids.

This paper presents one of the first real-life demonstrations of coordinated and distributed resource control for secondary frequency response in a power distribution grid. A series of tests involved up to 69 heterogeneous active distributed energy resources consisting of air handling units, unidirectional and bidirectional electric vehicle charging stations, a battery energy storage system, and 107 passive distributed energy resources consisting of building loads and solar photovoltaic systems. The distributed control setup consists of a set of Raspberry Pi endpoints exchanging messages via an ethernet switch. Actuation commands for the distributed energy resources are obtained by solving a power allocation problem at every regulation instant using distributed ratio-consensus, primal-dual, and Newton-like algorithms. The problem formulation minimizes the sum of distributed energy resource costs while tracking the aggregate setpoint provided by the system operator. We demonstrate accurate and fast real-time distributed computation of the optimization solution and effective tracking of the regulation signal over 40minute time horizons. An economic benefit analysis confirms eligibility to participate in an ancillary services market and demonstrates up to $49k of potential annual revenue for the selected population of distributed energy resources.