IntroductionSince 2006, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been recommended for females aged 9–26 years in the United States. Aiming to evaluate the early effect of the HPV vaccine on cervical cancer, this study assessed the incidence of cervical cancer by age and histology before and after the introduction of HPV vaccination.MethodsData on cervical cancer incidence from 1975–2019 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Joinpoint regression was used to determine temporal trends over time. Future cervical cancer incidence (2015–2039) was projected using Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were created to evaluate age, period, and cohort effects.ResultsFor overall cervical cancer and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), incidence rate showed decreasing trends (–0.7%, and –1.0% annually, respectively), whereas cervical adenocarcinoma (AC) incidence continuously increased (2.6% annually). The incidence trends for AC were stable in the 20–24 and 25–29-year age groups, whereas there was an increasing trend in older age groups. Similarly, the projected trend for AC in females aged 20–30 years exhibited a decline, whereas an increase was predicted in the 31–40–year age group, especially in the 35–44 year age group. The birth cohort and period effects in SCC and AC were extracted from APC models.DiscussionDuring the period of 1975–2019, the incidence of cervical AC remained almost unchanged in the age groups receiving HPV vaccines while increased in the age groups not receiving HPV vaccines. The birth cohort effects of SCC and AC of the cervix provided evidence supporting the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in preventing cervical cancer.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Three-way spatial fluid channel (TSFC) is commonly used in spatial fluid channels of the high hydraulic integrated system. However, the mathematic model of TSFC pressure loss is not clear, and what TSFC structural parameters in a certain space can get the minimum pressure loss and weight is also vague. Therefore, TSFC pressure loss mathematic model and multi-objective optimization about pressure loss, axis path length, and mass are studied in this paper. First, the mathematic model of TSFC pressure loss is established based on the response surface methodology and pressure loss models of fluid dynamics. Then, the optimized mathematic model for the TSFC structural parameters is built by the multi-objective optimization design method to achieve low pressure loss, short axis path length, and lightweight. According to the simulation, the results of optimized structure model show that the mass has been reduced 5.68%, and the pressure loss has been reduced 70.75% compared with the original model. Besides, the optimized TSFC structure model is manufactured by additive manufacturing, and the experiment is carried out to measure TSFC pressure loss. It shows that the error of pressure loss between the mathematic model and the experiment is only 1.6%, which verifies the accuracy of mathematic model of the pressure loss. This research lays a foundation for the design and optimization of the spatial flow channel in highly integrated hydraulic systems.