Underwater wireless sensor networks have become enabling technology for the seawater exploration. Since they raise numerous challenges and problems such as their limited battery and bandwidth, energy-constraint, 3D deployment, and temporary losses of connectivity or link failure, in this paper, a predictive and preemptive cross-layer protocol CLPP-VBF is proposed based on the vector-based forwarding protocol (VBF) for UWSNs, aimed to predict a future loss of connectivity or link failure problems using the Lagrange interpolation method, avoiding unnecessary transmission and rediscovering another new forwarder node in order to guarantee the data packets transmission reliability. The approach is a cooperation between the medium access layer (MAC) and network layer. The study has been implemented and evaluated using the well-known NS2 network simulator with an extension Aqua-sim; the simulation performance shows the merit of CLPP-VBF against VBF in term of delivered packets, average end-to-end delay, and energy consumption.

The Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensors are facing several challenges due to their limited energy power that can significantly affect their network performances, hence the design of an efficient and reliable routing protocol for the underwater sensor communication is becoming the main purpose for the researchers, however, in this article, a new mechanism is proposed to balance the underwater network energy consumption due to the frequent data packet forwarding, whereas the protocol uses a method that is based on the historical nodes energy, where sensor that are excessively consuming energy are considered as overloaded node and has to be excluded from the forwarding process depending on their priority value. The implementation and simulation have been performed using NS-2 network simulator, based on the well-known protocol for the underwater acoustic communication ‘Vector-Based Forwarding routing protocol’, the results shows the performance of the proposed mechanism over the VBF in term of energy consumption and efficiency, successful delivery data, and end to end delay.

Despite their many applications and advantages inside the marine environment, the UWSN encounters many challenges that can affect the network performances, hence many issues has raised and has been discussed recently. In this paper, we have focused on the link failure and the probability of their occurs caused by the node's mobility, water current, the limited battery of the sensor, or even the presence of some interference. Our approach is based on the newton interpolation formula, using to evaluate the link quality between sensors before that a packet is sent and operates in a cross-layer fashion, the purpose is to detect and predict if a sensor node could move out from it sender’s range, or it can regain it current position, in addition we defined a predictive zone, where the sensors are evaluated before they are selected as forwarders, based on the well-known routing protocol, Vector-Based forwarding VBF, we have implemented our approach called CPN-VBF using the ns2-simulator, the simulation results has proved the merits of the proposed study.