Electronic cigarettes are a novel and emerging product increasingly used by the general public. However, despite their popularity, they remain poorly studied and with likely serious health risks. EVALI, or "electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury," is a recently described entity at the forefront of current investigations. Though EVALI has been linked to vitamin E acetate, a constituent of THC vaping products, electronic cigarettes likely pose a host of other pulmonary toxicities. The presentation, diagnostic work-up, treatment, and pathophysiology of EVALI are herein described, as well as the general pulmonary toxicity profile of electronic cigarettes.

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Since its discovery severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people worldwide causing the current coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Presenting symptoms range from asymptomatic to mild disease to respiratory failure and death. Some patients develop a cytokine release like syndrome which manifests with increased markers of inflammation and is associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiorgan failure, and death. Treatment with immunomodulatory agents have been proposed to attenuate disease severity and mortality. However, literature is conflicting whether widespread immunosuppression is beneficial or detrimental (1,2). We report a case of a patient diagnosed with Covid-19 induced ARDS requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), initially treated with the interleukin-6 (IL-6) antagonist, tocilizumab, who later developed enteroccocus faecalis empyema. No relevant relationships by Mangalore Amith Shenoy, source¼Web Response No relevant relationships by Alexandra Zavin, source¼Web Response

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