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BACKGROUNDChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in rural population. COPD is characterized by chronic airflow limitation and a range of pathological changes in the lung, some significant extra-pulmonary effects, and important co morbidities which may contribute to the severity of the disease in individual patients.METHODSThis study was conducted in Department of Pulmonary Medicine and central laboratory from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015 in Rural Institute of Medical Science & Research, Saifai, Etawah (U.P.), India on patients who presented with symptoms of COPD.RESULTSThe age group of the patient in the study, ranged from 35 to 85 years. The most common age group was 61-70 years (32.99%). Among these patients 92.95% were males and 7.04% were females. Dyspnoea (84.50%) was the common clinical manifestation. Out of 497 patients, 94.96% were smokers and 5.03% were non-smokers. Among these COPD patients 25.15% males and 4.82% females had normal hemoglobin. Similarly, normal total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count was seen in 56.13% males and 3.82 % females. The gram negative isolates were 63.32% as compared to 36.82% of gram positive. On sputum cytology, bacteria were found in 64.18% and fungus in 35.81%. During sputum culture, Streptococcus (29.97%), was the commonest bacteria isolated followed by Moraxella (25.55%) and Pseudomonas (16.90%). Fungal isolates were Aspergillus (27.96%) and Candida spp. (7.84%).CONCLUSIONSCOPD was common in older age group, males, and smokers. Patients predominantly presented with dyspnea and chronic cough. Streptococcus was the most common organism isolated and fungus species were also isolated.

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Background and objectives: Breast developmental anomalies are common. Normally there are two breasts with nipple and areola. When it is more than two breasts, it is called Polymastia. It can also be known as ectopic or accessory breast. Diagnosis is must because it shows same disease conditions which are seen in normally occurring breast tissue. The aim of present study was to know the clinical characters, symptoms and microscopic pathological, physiological changes seen with patients diagnosed with axillary accessory breast tissue.Materials and Method: Present study was conducted in tertiary care hospital in cytology and Histopathological section of Pathology in the period from January 2013 to December 2015 on axillary swelling. FNAC & histopathology were diagnostic tool.Result: The minimum age of patients with accessory breast was 10 years and maximum was 35 years, maximum number of patients; 12 (54.54%) belonging to 21 to 30 years age group. Common clinical complaint was swelling axillary region (100%). Among these patients, 21 (95.45 %) were female only one (4.54%) patient was male. Bilateral swelling was found in eight (36.36 %) cases. Clinically lipoma was most common provisional diagnosis in eight (36.36%) patients.Conclusion: Ectopic breast tissue usually presents with axillary swelling. In axillary swelling along with lipoma, lymphadenopathy, neurofibroma, sabeceous cyst accessory breast as a diagnosis should be kept in mind. Every Axillary swelling must be examined because it can be accessory breast tissue.  JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(2):74-7