Background: Refractive error could be considered as an avoidable condition among various conditions leading to visual disabilities in children. Present study was conducted with the objective of estimating the prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Surendranagar district. Methods: The study was conducted among the school going children of 10-16 years age group of Surendranagar district of Gujarat state. Total 600 students were examined from rural and urban schools of the district. The study was carried out through oral questionnaire method using pre-designed and pretested Performa followed by ocular examination. Results: Overall prevalence of refractive errors was found to be 29.5%. Headache was the single most common symptom reported by 38.58% children. Nearly 36.54% boys and 36.98% girls had moderate visual impairment while 4.80% boys and 2.75% girls had severe visual impairment. Among the children having refractive errors 61.02% children did not use spectacles. Conclusions: The study shows that children among 10-16 years are at risk of developing refractive errors and many of them are not aware of the refractive errors.

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Background: Nowadays laparoscopy have gained wider acceptance in urology that leads to more reports on the potential complications. This study was conducted to evaluate the complications among the patients undergoing retroperitoneal and transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy.Methods: Analysis was done retrospectively through review of a maintained database of 219 consecutive laparoscopic simple nephrectomies done for pyonephrosis from July 2001 to February 2013 at the department of urology Civil Hospital and B J Medical College Ahmedabad.Results: Total 219 simple nephrectomies performed between July 2001 to February 2013 for pyonephrosis. In 165 (75.3%) of patient’s procedure was through trans peritoneal route while retroperitoneal access was used in 54(24.6%) patients. In our study there were major complications in 12 patients with laparoscopic transperitoneal group and in 4 patients in laparoscopic retro peritoneal group. The minor complication rate in present study was 13.3% (22/165) in laparoscopic transperitoneal group and 11.1% (6/54) in laparoscopic retroperitoneal group.Conclusions: There were major complications in patients with laparoscopic transperitoneal group and in few patients in laparoscopic retro peritoneal group. In most other series it was seen that retroperitoneoscopic surgery may be associated with more complications, the findings are unfounded. Minor complications can be managed easily if there is low threshold for conversion to open surgery.

Background: Study is conducted to compare surgical site infections (SSIs) at 30 days in early and delayed dressing removal in primary closure of clean and clean contaminated surgical incisions. Also to compare pain, duration of postoperative hospital stay, and cost of dressing in both groups. Study result may change the technique of dressing and reduce the cost of dressing, pain, and hospital stay for patients after surgery. Materials and Methods: This is a Single center, prospective randomized controlled study including 200 patients divided into two groups at tertiary care hospital. Study included patients aged above 15 years who need surgical intervention with abdominal incision. Study compares results of early and delayed dressing removal in laparotomy surgery with clean and clean contaminated wounds. Results: The study shows no significant difference in outcome in relationship to age of these two Groups A and B (P = 0.94). P value for superficial SSI is 0.76, which is statistically insignificant. P value for deep SSI is 0.71, which is also statistically insignificant. Fisher's exact test for SSI with burst abdomen showed P = 1.0, which is insignificant. By applying t test to data in relationship to pain, we find P < 0.001, which is highly significant. With the use of Chi square test, P value for postoperative hospital stay is 0.03, which is statistically significant. The mean cost of dressing is significantly lower in GroupA than in GroupB (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: SSI is same in both early and delayed dressing removal in primary closure of surgical incisions. There are no significant changes in terms of superficial and deep SSIs and burst abdomen, following early dressing removal. Moreover, the duration of hospital stay is significantly lower in patients with early dressing removal as compared to conventional dressing removal of incision following surgery. Postoperative pain and cost of dressing are also reduced in early dressing removal compared to delayed dressing removal of primary incision closure following surgery. As early dressing removal reduces pain and cost of dressing, it can be applied in routine clean and clean contaminated surgical incisions.