Background and Aim: Benign Breast Diseases (BBDs) is a group of non-cancerous breast diseases. A triple assessment which is done by a clinical examination, imaging like ultrasonography (USG) or mammography and a pathological examination – FNAC or core needle biopsy, during the initial consultation, allows clinicians to give immediate reassurance to most of the patients. The aim of the study was to find out the proportions of various benign breast lesions among women aged 18 years and above. Material and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Tertiary care institute of India for a period of 20 Months. Based on the pilot study sample size derived was found to be 102. A performa was filled with patient particulars, history and clinical findings in female patient attending department of surgery OPD with breast related symptoms. Patients will be followed up with histopathological, cytological and radiological studies in indicated cases. The patients will be followed up for 1 year. Most common benign breast related symptoms and condition among the study group and probable risk factors for the same will be analyzed. Results:The commonest case among the study population was fibroadenoma 37 (36.27%). The next common was acute breast abscess, followed by fibrocystic disease (9). Lump alone detected either by patient herself or by the clinician was the most common presenting complaint in around 40 patients, followed by lump with pain in around 37, followed by either pain, nipple discharge. Fibroadenoma could be diagnosed clinically with an accuracy of about 89%. Abscess breast, phyllodes tumor and galactocele and few cases of granulomatous mastitis was also able to be diagnosed clinically. Conclusion: Fibrocystic disease is commonest amongst proliferative breast lesions followed by Sclerosing adenosis. Breast abscess is the commonest lesion amongst inflammatory breast lesions. Breast self-examination and health education to females is very important in cases of benign proliferative lesions. Key Words: Benign Breast Diseases, Fibroadenoma, Phyllodes tumor, Ultrasonography

Introduction: Appendicitis is the inflammation of the vermiform appendix.  Appendicitis can be considered the most commonly interpretive cause of acute and severe abdominal pain. Acute Appendicitis (AA) is mainly caused by luminal obstruction obstructed by numerous etiologies. This causes an increase in the rate of bacterial overgrowth and mucus production thereby causing necrosis, wall tension and potential perforation. Materials and Methods: The study is a Retrospective cohort and was conducted during the periods of 11 months. The study included 97 patients with appendicitis and divided them based on the protocol by which they receive diagnosis and management. Out of 97 patients, 49 patients were assigned to group 1 and the other 48 patients were assigned to group 2. Group 1 includes those patients who were treated symptomatically and diagnosis and management were given to them according to the wish of the consulting physician. For the determination of outcomes of treatments given to Group 1 and Group 2 patients, the study considered complications found in the patients. These complications are recorded for each of the groups. Also, the study recorded the complication in each of the treatment methods of Group 1 patients. This allowed the authors of this study to find out how outcomes vary when treatment is given differently from that of Alvarado Scoring criteria. Results: The complications that were found in the study participants are fever, generalized peritonitis, perforation, abscess, a mild respiratory infection. The study found that the complications among the patients in Group 1 and Group 2 separately. In Group 1, 8 patients had a fever, while 3 patients had a fever in Group 2. Group 1 patients had all the listed complications including perforation (n=7), abscess (n=4), mild respiratory infection (n=3) and peritonitis (n=2). In Group 2, only 4 patients showed complications including fever in 3 patients and perforation in 1 patient. Conclusion: The study has concluded that following Alvarado criteria in diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis results in the least possible complications. The study suggests the clinicians follow Alvarado criteria for proper management of acute appendicitis. Keywords: Acute appendicitis, Alvarado criteria, appenditis complications, appendicitis diagnosis, appendicitis treatment

Background and Aim: Bowel obstruction is the most common intra-abdominal problem faced by general surgeons in their practice. Therefore better understanding of pathophysiology, improvement in diagnostic techniques, fluid and electrolyte correction, much potent antibiotics and knowledge of intensive care is required. present study was undertaken to study the management and post-operative complications of intestinal obstruction. Material and Methods: This is a prospective study of 97 cases presenting with symptoms and signs suggestive of acute intestinal obstruction. All patients are subjected to required preoperative biochemical investigations. Patients who showed reduction in abdominal distention and improvement in general condition especially in individuals with postoperative adhesions, a chance of conservative management was taken (by extending the supportive treatment) for further 12 to 24 hours; those who showed improvement by moving bowels, reduction in pain and tenderness was decided for conservative treatment, such individuals were excluded in this study. Results: The occurrence of acute intestinal obstruction was common in male in comparison with female. The commonest presenting symptom was abdominal pain (100%) followed by vomiting (92.7%), distention of abdomen (87.6%) and absolute constipation (53.6%). In this study, Adhesive obstruction (56.7%) was the commonest cause of acute intestinal obstruction. Release of adhesions and bands was done in 43 cases. Resection and end-to-end anastomosis was done in 25 cases, which included cases of intussusceptions, adhesions, stricture, ileocaecal growth, colonic growth. Conclusion: Most common etiological factor for intestinal obstruction is postoperative adhesions. Obstructed Inguinal Hernia is second most common cause of intestinal obstruction. Clinic radiological and operative findings put together can bring about the best and accurate diagnosis of intestinal obstruction. Key Words: Abdominal pain, Adhesions, Bands, Bowel obstruction, Inguinal Hernia,

Introduction: management and prevention of wounds after a surgical procedure, are important and debatable topics. Optimal adoption of guidelines for proper prevention and management of post-surgical wounds must be carried out by any surgeon or institute. Postoperative wound care is done by cleaning and dressing the wounds after the surgical procedure, preventing them from getting contaminated with the external surfaces or the microorganisms on the patient’s body. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the infection associated with healthcare in which the infection occurs in the wound after an invasive surgical procedure. A minimum of 5% of the patients who undergo surgical procedures will develop surgical site infections. This study draws the attention of the clinicians to a proper set of guidelines for post-operative care to minimize post-operative complications. Materials and Methods: this study is a Retrospective Cohort design. The study was considered 92 patients who had various types of surgery from during the period of 10 months. The patients who had intra-abdominal surgery are only included. The study divided 92 patients into 2 groups. In each group, 46 patients were assigned based on following NICE guidelines on postoperative wound management. Patients, for whom the NICE guidelines were followed properly at every aspect, were assigned to the first group (Group 1). Otherwise, the patients were assigned to the second group (Group 2). The study adopted a list comprising of NICE guidelines which are applicable to this study. The study assessment was done by observing the appearance of Surgical Site Infection among the patients, 3 to 7 days post-surgery. Results: it as found that 91.30% of the Group 1 patients showed significant improvement in terms of resolution while only 13.04% of the patients in improved significant without any surgical site infection (SSI). Conclusion: the study results show that the patients who were given post-operative care according to NICE guidelines had much lesser Surgical Site Infection (SSI) as compared to those who were not given post-operative care according to NICE guidelines. Keywords: surgical site infection, postoperative care, nice guidelines, wound management