Wheat is the third most important crop after rice and maize both in area and production which is generally sown in November-December and harvested in March-April in Nepal. The area production and productivity of wheat in 2016-17 reached to 0.73 million ha, 1.88 million tone and 2554 kg ha-1 from 70648.00 ha, 1.57million tone and 225.00 kg ha-1 in 2007-08 (Anonymous, 2018a, 2018b). Food insecurity in Nepal is a major problem with more than two third of the districts facing food deficit every year (Joshi et al., 2012). Wheat contributes about 20% of the total cereal production in Nepal. Over 60% of wheat is produced in the Terai (plain) region, though they are also produced in the mid hills and high hills regions of Nepal (Timsina et al., 2018). Devkota and Phuyal (2015) found significant positive impact of the average and maximum temperature and significant negative impact of the minimum temperature on net revenue

Agriculture is the mainstay of Nepalese economy which contributes almost one third of the national economy (Anonymous, 2017a). Agricultural crop productivity in Nepal is lowest among South Asian countries (Anonymous, 2018a). The agricultural sector production during 2017-18 was increased by 2.7% which has been estimated as 5.1% in 2018-19 (Anonymous, 2019). Rice is the agricultural commodity with the third highest worldwide production (Rice, 741.5 million tones, in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tones) and maize 1.0 billion tones (Anonymous, 2017). During the year 2016-17, rice contributed 44.66% to total edible cereal grain production in the country (Anonymous, 2018b). The area increment of rice in 2016-17 over 2007-08 has been counted as only 0.21% while in production and productivity the increment is 21.66 and 21.41%, respectively. The rice in Nepal is transplanted by human labor and animal traction (Upadhyaya, 1996). Using traditional bullocks and

In Nepal an agricultural plays vital role in Nepalese economy. Rice, Maize, Buckwheat, Wheat are major cereal crop of Nepal. Among this wheat is a third major cereal crop of Nepal and first winter crop. Due to youth and Skilled Manpower migration in urban areas and in gulf countries in search of better opportunities, Agriculture in Nepal is facing labor scarcity. Lack of human resources in agriculture has compelled farmers to find out alternate choice and mechanization in wheat farming is one of the best solutions for better production, less drudgery, quick operations and better farm income. In order to address this issue, an experiment on uses of different agricultural machineries and cultivation practices in wheat crop was conducted at AMTRC, Sarlahi during 2074/075 and 2075/076. Experiments were carried out in three replications with five treatments in 2800 m 2 plot size. The variety of wheat was Gautam and was sown at the rate of 120kg/ha. Fertilizers were applied @ 100:60:60 kg NPK/ha. Herbicide applied was 2-4-D and Pendymethaylen @ 5ml/litre of water. Irrigation and other cultural practices were followed as per recommendation. The pooled analysis of two years data of grain yield was significant at one per cent level. The highest yield of 3547.50 kg/ha was obtained in treatment T 3 (minimum tillage) where power tiller operated seed drill (PTOSD) machine was used for wheat cultivation followed by the treatment T 4 (3456.67 kg/ha) where rotavator zero tiller was used. The lowest mean grain yield (3005.00 kg/ha) was recorded in T 2 for which seed sowing rotavator was used in experiment. The average gross margin of two years was obtained highest (Rs. 63840.07/ha) by T 3 where the power tiller operated seed drill machine was used for wheat cultivation. The total variable cost in use of PTOSD machine in T 3 , was 17.58 per cent less than farmers' practices. Similarly the gross margin was also 25.92 per cent more than farmer's practices (Check) obtained in PTOSD machine used treatment. The production was also highest in this treatment among other practices which was 3547.50 kg/ha, and this yield was more than 10 per cent higher than farmer's practices.

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The study was carried out during 2017-18 at farmers' field in three villages (Lohani, Bhatkar and Pundrenka) under Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Front line demonstration of gobhi sarson (Brassica napus) was conducted on an area of 10 ha with active participation of 64 farmers with high yielding improved technologies composed of HPN3 variety, integrated pest management (IPM) and integrated nutrient management (INM). The results revealed the increase in average yield under front line demonstrations by 2.16% as compared to the farmer's practice. Improved technology gave higher net return of Rs. 10908-ha-1 with benefit cost ratio 0.49 as compared to local check (INR 7600 ha-1 , benefit cost ratio 0.44). Lack of suitable high yielding varieties as well as poor knowledge about production practices are described as main reasons for low productivity of gobhi sarson in the district. The productivity of gobhi sarson could be increased by adopting recommended scientific and sustainable management practices using a suitable high yielding cultivar. In order to get optimum yield of this crop, selection of variety, seed rate and seed treatment are the most important factors to Gobhi sarson, front line demonstration, improved technology Keywords: