Heavy‐metals contamination in lakes has a negative impact on lake ecosystems. This review provides an insight into possible heavy‐metals remediation techniques for lake environments using different techniques, for example, physical, chemical, and biological methods. As a result of the non‐uniform and complex nature of lakes, the selection of the most suitable the heavy‐metals removal technique is a difficult task. Among these processes, biological processes are efficient to remove heavy metals and convert them into simpler forms. Biological remediation techniques are the most suitable for lakes with low levels of contamination and include processing by bioadsorbents such as plants, algae, fungi, and micro‐organisms. Physical and chemical remediation of heavy metals are expensive but show fast results. The combination of all remediation techniques increases the efficiency of the removal of heavy metals and improves overall lake performance. The development of remediation techniques is necessary for lakes in future.

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IntroductionIdol immersion activity is one of the sources of heavy metal pollution in the lakes of India. Futala, Gandhisagar and Ambazari lakes of Nagpur city are highly involved with idol immersion activity.Case descriptionIn this study, water and Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) of Futala, Gandhisagar and Ambazari lakes were analyzed for heavy metals by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).Discussion and evaluationThe results were high compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for water quality and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) for fish. The results showed appreciable high levels of heavy metal as lead, cadmium, copper, iron and manganese in water and fish in study lakes. It was observed that Gandhi Sagar lake was more contaminated after the idol immersion activity. Concentrations of Pb and Cd in fish of Gandhisagar lake were found high levels, ranged 0.83 and 0.47 μg/g respectively.ConclusionThe results of the present investigation indicate the unsafe condition for human consumption and environmental health.

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