Carbon dioxide emissions are increasing due to the hydrocarbons produced increasingly around the world. Projected emissions of "greenhouse gases", principally carbon dioxide, are predicted to cause significant changes in average global temperature and sea-levels, which could have negative consequences in many parts of the world. Scenarios for stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide at reasonable levels will eventually require substantial cuts in overall emissions over the next few decades. One possible solution is to store or "sequester" CO2 emissions in a form where they will not reach the atmosphere. "CO2 Sequestration is a process that utilizes a set of technologies aimed at capturing CO2 emitted from industrial and energy-related sources before it enters the atmosphere, compressing it, and injecting it deep underground in secure geological formations and ensuring it remains stored there indefinitely". Geological sequestration is potential technology that complements two other major approaches for greenhouse gas reduction, namely improving energy efficiency and increasing use of non-carbon energy sources. This option, which lowers the cost of CO2 sequestration by recovering incremental oil, is particularly attractive in mature sedimentary basins. Monitoring of the sequestration process is necessary to confirm the containment of CO2, to assess leakage paths, and to gain understanding of interactions between CO2, the rock-forming minerals, and formation fluids. Recently CO2 monitoring is also used for the purpose of leakage detection and quantification of CO2 stored in reservoirs. The goal of this paper is to gain thorough understanding of the entire geological sequestration process and to realize the various problems associated with the storage and the significance and importance of monitoring the process for effective implementation of technology. This paper will discuss in detail about the technology involved in CO2 geological sequestration process, its reservoir & geological perspectives, the storage problems, various monitoring methods and their applications, techniques for safe injection of CO2,etc. Introduction: Capture of CO2 prior to atmospheric release, and subsequent injection in deep geological formations, is a promising option to reduce the rate of atmospheric CO2 increase. Our work focuses on the fate of the injected CO2 over both short and long time scales, the extent and magnitude of subsurface perturbations associated with the injection, and the potential leakages out of the injection formation of the sequestered CO2 as well as displaced resident fluids such as high-concentration brines. The key driving force behind undertaking CCS is the need to find cost-effective solutions to tackle the global issue of climate change by reducing CO2 emissions in a world where there is a continued and rising demand for energy. Anthropogenic effects on climate can be mitigated through various measures, among them being CO2 sequestration in geological media. Utilization of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and sequestration processes not only reduces greenhouse emissions but also awards economical benefits. In CO2-EOR the main purpose is to maximize oil recovery with the minimum quantity of CO2 while a maximum amount of CO2 is aimed to store in a sequestration.

Graphene has been widely and extensively used in mass sensing applications. The present study focused on exploring the use of single-layer graphene (SLG) and double-layer graphene (DLG) as sensing devices. The dynamic analysis of SLG and DLG with different boundary conditions (BDs) and length was executed using the atomistic finite element method (AFEM). SLG and DLG sheets were modelled and considered as a space–frame structure similar to a 3D beam. Spring elements (Combin14) were used to identify the interlayer interactions between two graphene layers in the DLG sheet due to the van der Waals forces. Simulations were carried out to visualize the behavior of the SLG and DLG subjected to different BDs and when used as mass sensing devices. The variation in frequency was noted by changing the length and applied mass of the SLGs and DLGs. The quantity of the frequency was found to be highest in the armchair SLG (6, 6) for a 50 nm sheet length and lowest in the chiral SLG (16, 4) for a 20 nm sheet length in the bridged condition. When the mass was 0.1 Zg, the frequency for the zigzag SLG (20, 0) was higher in both cases. The results show that the length of the sheet and the various mass values have a significant impact on the dynamic properties. The present research will contribute to the ultra-high frequency nano-resonance applications.

Graphene's mass and low-cost production has become an essential step toward its real-world applications, due to significant advancements in fundamental research and industrial applications. Graphene, a one-atom thick carbon crystal with a unique set of physical and chemical properties comprising from extreme mechanical behaviour with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, is emerging as a serious contender to replace many traditional materials in a variety of applications. Graphene has the potential to improve the performance, functionality, and durability of a broad spectrum of applications, but its commercialization will require more study. Applications and emerging techniques for the production of graphene have been investigated in this study. To increase the use of graphene, its current limitations must be solved expeditiously to improve its current performance. In terms of applications, graphene's advantages have expanded its use in both electroanalytical and electrochemical sensors. The most relevant experimental achievements on the fabrication of graphene material, as well as its evolving features in relation to smart applications, are highlighted in this review study. We explore how graphene may be successfully integrated directly into devices, enabling a wide range of applications such as transparent electrodes, photovoltaics, thermoelectricity, 3D printing, and applications in biomedical and bioimaging devices. Graphene's prospects are also explored and discussed.

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