Dedication: To Katrina Edwards 18 19 Originality-Significance Statement: This work provides insights into the metabolism and 20 adaptations of elusive Atribacteria (JS-1 clade) that are ubiquitous and abundant in methane-rich 21 ecosystems. We show that JS-1 (Genus 1) from methane hydrate stability zones contain 22 metabolisms and stress survival strategies similar to hyperthermophilic archaea. 23 35 were downstream from a novel helix-turn-helix transcriptional regulator, AtiR, which was not 36 present in Atribacteria from other sites. Overall, Atribacteria appear to be endowed with unique 37 strategies that may contribute to its dominance in methane-hydrate bearing sediments. Active 38 microbial transport of amino and carboxylic acids in the gas hydrate stability zone may influence 39 gas hydrate stability. 40 41 131 132 JS-1 Genus-1 partial genome. To gain insight into the function of JS-1 Atribacteria in the 133 GHSZ, we analyzed a 4-Mbp metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) from sample E10-H5 134 (Table S3). This MAG, hereafter designated "B2", was chosen for its relatively high 135 completeness (69%) and low contamination (2%). B2 lacked a 16S rRNA gene, but contained a 136 rpoB gene with 94% similarity to Atribacteria bacterium 34_128 from an oil reservoir (Hu et al., 137 2016). B2 had 35% GC content, similar to other Atribacteria (Carr et al., 2015). Phylogenetic 138 placement based on 69 concatenated single-copy genes confirmed that B2 belonged to JS1-Genus 139 195 heterodisulfide reductase (HdrA)-methyl viologen hydrogenase (MvhAGD) complex (Fig. 4). A 196 redox-sensing transcriptional repressor gene (hunR) immediately upstream of the hun operon 197 J

Summary Gas hydrates harbour gigatons of natural gas, yet their microbiomes remain understudied. We bioprospected 16S rRNA amplicons, metagenomes, and metaproteomes from methane hydrate‐bearing sediments under Hydrate Ridge (offshore Oregon, USA, ODP Site 1244, 2–69 mbsf) for novel microbial metabolic and biosynthetic potential. Atribacteria sequences generally increased in relative sequence abundance with increasing sediment depth. Most Atribacteria ASVs belonged to JS‐1‐Genus 1 and clustered with other sequences from gas hydrate‐bearing sediments. We recovered 21 metagenome‐assembled genomic bins spanning three geochemical zones in the sediment core: the sulfate–methane transition zone, the metal (iron/manganese) reduction zone, and the gas hydrate stability zone. We found evidence for bacterial fermentation as a source of acetate for aceticlastic methanogenesis and as a driver of iron reduction in the metal reduction zone. In multiple zones, we identified a Ni‐Fe hydrogenase‐Na+/H+ antiporter supercomplex (Hun) in Atribacteria and Firmicutes bins and in other deep subsurface bacteria and cultured hyperthermophiles from the Thermotogae phylum. Atribacteria expressed tripartite ATP‐independent transporters downstream from a novel regulator (AtiR). Atribacteria also possessed adaptations to survive extreme conditions (e.g. high salt brines, high pressure and cold temperatures) including the ability to synthesize the osmolyte di‐myo‐inositol‐phosphate as well as expression of K+‐stimulated pyrophosphatase and capsule proteins.

Peanut stripe virus (PStV) belongs to the genus Potyvirus and is the most important viral pathogen of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The eukaryotic translation initiation factor, eIF4E, and its isoform, eIF(iso)4E, play key roles during virus infection in plants, particularly Potyvirus. In the present study, we cloned the eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E homologs in peanut and named these as PeaeIF4E and PeaeIF(iso)4E, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that these two genes were expressed during all growth periods and in all peanut organs, but were especially abundant in young leaves and roots. These also had similar expression levels. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that PStV multifunctional helper component proteinase (HC-Pro) and viral protein genome-linked (VPg) both interacted with PeaeIF4E and PeaeIF(iso)4E. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay showed that there was an interaction between HC-Pro and PeaeIF4E/PeaeIF(iso)4E in the cytoplasm and between VPg and PeaeIF4E/PeaeIF(iso)4E in the nucleus. Silencing either PeaeIF4E or PeaeIF(iso)4E using a virus-induced gene silencing system did not significantly affect PStV accumulation. However, silencing both PeaeIF4E and PeaeIF(iso)4E genes significantly weakened PStV accumulation. The findings of the present study suggest that PeaeIF4E and PeaeIF(iso)4E play important roles in the PStV infection cycle and may potentially contribute to PStV resistance.

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The complete genome sequence of a Laixi isolate of Peanut stripe virus (PStV‐Laixi) from China was determined to be 10, 056 nucleotides in length, excluding the 3′‐terminal poly (A) tail. The viral genome contains a single long open reading frame of 9669 nucleotides encoding a polyprotein of 3222 amino acids. The polyprotein was predicted to be cleaved into ten functional proteins by three viral proteases. An additional protein, termed ‘PIPO’, is also found in the P3 cistron. The complete genome sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis indicated that PStV‐Laixi was most closely related to three other isolates of PStV (two from USA and one from Taiwan). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete sequence of a PStV isolate from China.