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In the present study, pristine BiVO 4 , TiO 2 and BiVO 4 /TiO 2 core-shell heterostructured nanoparticles are prepared by hydrothermal methods and studied for structural, morphological, optical, photoelectrochemical water splitting and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue as an organic pollutant. Both pristine BiVO 4 and TiO 2 exhibit poor PEC and PC performance under visible light illumination. However, an enhanced PEC and PC activity in BiVO 4 /TiO 2 core-shell heterostructure is observed due to high solar energy absorption and superior charge separation properties in core-shell nanoparticles. The photoelectrode prepared using BiVO 4 /TiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles exhibit a photocathode behavior and produced cathodic photocurrent, however, the pristine BiVO 4 and TiO 2 photoelectrodes act as photoanode and produced anodic photocurrent. This behavior of change in current direction is also observe in the Mott-Schottky analysis where the BiVO 4 /TiO 2 core-shell nanoparticles photoelectrode exhibits the positive slow showing p-type semiconducting behavior. The change in cathodic photoresponse in core-shell nanoparticles in comparison to anodic photoresponse of BiVO 4 and TiO 2 nanoparticles is explained in terms of the variations in the work function values. These results highlight the advantages of core-shell nanoparticle of suitable materials for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications.

Young-onset cerebellar syndromes are quite interesting and challenging for treating clinicians. While dealing with such cases, a clinician should be aware of rare possible causes too. We report a rare case of Gordon Holmes syndrome-an autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with endocrinal abnormalities.

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