Background:The high interest in short scales to measure personality traits has created a need for psychometric studies to validate such scales in different languages and cultures. There has recently been increasing interest in the study of personality in late life.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) among older Iranians.Design: In this cross-sectional, psychometric study, 160 individuals older than 60 years were selected using multi-stage and convenience sampling methods. Data were collected using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO.FFI). The face, content, and convergent validity of the TIPI were examined, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability.Results: In general, the Persian version of the TIPI had acceptable psychometric properties for measuring the Big Five personality traits in older adults in terms of test-retest reliability (ICC = .92, p = .000) and convergent validity (r = .411, p < .00). Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrate that the TIPI is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the Big Five personality traits.

Objective Spinal cord injury is one of traumatic events that has considerable impact on the quality of life of the injured patients. Not all people react similarly in facing unpleasant event in life. This reaction cold be affected by different factors. Some people after the traumatic event are unable to do normal functions for several years and show some chronic dysfunctions, while others try hard for months, reach some level of adaptation, and show a model of recovery and improvement after tolerating some suffering. Individuals after spinal cord injury tend to adapt and cope with their injuries. However, there are differences in the level of compatibility and coping with injury and some remain vulnerable to some psychological problems. This incompatibility, in addition to the experience of emotional distress can affect other functional areas such as physical health and increase the risk of secondary complications. The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the acceptance and adaptation with spinal cord injury based on the experiences of these patients. Materials & Methods This qualitative study was conducted using content analysis method. Content analysis is a qualitative method to associate data with the main subject and its final product is the concepts and categories of the study subject. The study participants comprised 23 patients with spinal cord injury in Tehran City, Iran, that were selected purposefully, with a maximum variation in age, levels of education and experiences and roles in life. The inclusion criteria were spinal cord injury, over 18 years old, at least one year passed from the time of injury , and their desire for sharing their experiences on the study subject. Purposive sampling was continued to reach the saturation point in every concept so that more new information could not be found about these concepts. The study data were collected through in depth semi-structured interviews during 2016, and were analyzed using content analysis. Results The results of the data analysis were led to the extraction of the facilitators and obstacles of acceptance and adaptation in patients with spinal injuries. Facilitators were classified in eight main categories, including the correct support, communication with peers, social participation, spiritual belief, positive attitude, motivators, access to facilities and contextual factors. The obstacles were classified also in two general categories or concepts. Category of social and cultural incorrect beliefs with subcategories such as, pity, negative feedback of relatives, and insufficient knowledge about correct support. The second category comprised structural and contextual obstacles, including subcategories of health-related problems, urban handicap, financial problems, inefficiency of supporting organizations, and unawareness of disabled people. Conclusion The results obtained from the experiences of patients with spinal cord injury showed that a collection of individual factors, environmental and social factors can affect the process o...

IntroductionThere is increasing evidence regarding people’s reactions to life stressors in which people also may show positive experiences following a traumatic event. The aim of the present study was to explain the facilitators of post-traumatic growth based on the experiences of patients with a spinal cord injury.MethodsThis was a qualitative study conducted on 16 Iranian patients with a spinal cord injury using semistructured, in-depth interviews, and content analysis in 2015. These participants, despite their spinal cord injury, were successful in their lives and were considered successful members of society. A purposive sampling method was used until reaching data saturation, and then the collected data were analyzed using a content analysis method.ResultsThe study revealed several factors as facilitators of post-traumatic growth in the patients. The extracted facilitators were put into seven categories of main concepts, including existence of support resources, contact with spinal cord injury associations, spiritual beliefs, positive attitude toward injury, access to proper facilities, enhancement of knowledge and awareness, and active presence in society.ConclusionDifferent factors may facilitate post-traumatic growth in patients with a spinal cord injury. Understanding these facilitators may help us in designing educational, support, and consulting programs for patients and their families as well as to the correct the support programs.

BackgroundNoise is one of the more widespread pollutions of road transportation system, which can cause deterioration in performance. This experimental study was designed to assess the effect of road traffic noise on performance with regard to extra/introversion and sex of participants. The personality trait of extra/introversion has been remarked as relevant factor to mental performance.ResultsThirty six (26 males and 10 females) medical sciences students of Tehran University participated in the study. The students were placed in an unechoing room and performed the Cognitrone test from Vienna Test System in quiet condition and under road traffic noise (71 dBA). The results of this study pointed out that noise increased the percentage of sum of correct answers but had no effect on the speed of performance. Furthermore this study showed that performance was enhanced in extroverts (P=0.001) but no significant difference was found in introverts (P ≤0.05).ConclusionsThe regression analysis revealed that extra/introversion was more important than sex to predict the performance parameters.

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