Small producers’ participation in milk collectives such as dairy cooperatives and producer companies is seen as one of the several ways to institutionalize the dairy value chains and leverage their production and marketing strengths. In this context, the study has explored procurement practices of a dairy cooperative vis-à-vis producer company that have recently ventured into direct procurement, processing and retailing of the milk in Indian Punjab and understood their economic impact on the milk producers in Indian Punjab. The findings of the study suggest that both the milk collectives offer higher prices to the producers, resulting in higher profitability than their counterpart non-member milk producers. The findings of the study suggest that the milk collectives need to take additional responsibilities in terms of advancing credit, introducing new production technologies to increase milk productivity and encouraging participation of women milk producers to make such linkages inclusive, effective and sustainable.

Introduction: Diabetes is an emerging problem of this era in order to prevent this insulin therapy is the treatment of choice. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both resulting in hyperglycaemia. The main goal of insulin therapy is to limit the progression of long term diabetic complications with either type1 or type2 diabetes mellitus. Aim: A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme (PTP) on knowledge regarding insulin therapy among diabetic patients attending OPD of selected hospitals of Sri Muktsar Sahib, Punjab. Material And Methods: Quantitative evaluative approach and Pre experimental one group pre- test, post- test design was adopted. Sample included 50 diabetic patients were selected by using Non- Probability Convenient sampling technique. Data was collected through structured interview schedule. Results: The study findings revealed that pre test mean knowledge score was 12.70 with SD 2.485 and post test mean knowledge score was 21.86 with SD 1.927, there was statistically significant increase in post-test knowledge (p<0.001). These findings indicated that the planned teaching programme (PTP) was effective. Hence, hypothesis H1 is accepted. Findings of the study also indicated that there was statistically significant association of the post test knowledge scores of subjects with using insulin therapy from except other variables. Hence, hypothesis H2 is accepted for using insulin therapy and rejected for other socio demographic variables. Conclusion: The study concluded that baseline knowledge of diabetic patients inadequate regarding insulin therapy. Urgent steps are needed to improve the knowledge of diabetic patients to create appropriate awareness regarding insulin therapy. The study recommended that a comparative study can be conducted to assess the knowledge regarding insulin therapy among rural vs. urban people.