One of the most common reasons for a nephrology consult is an elevated creatinine. An elevation in the serum creatinine concentration usually reflects a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Given the association of elevated creatinine and risk of cardiovascular mortality, it is important to keep in mind that at times the elevation of the creatinine is not representative of a true reduction in GFR. There are various causes of factitious elevation of creatinine. They can be broadly grouped into increased production of creatinine, interference with the assay and decreased tubular secretion of creatinine.

Background: Symptom burden associated with chronic kidney disease can be debilitating, with a negative effect on patient health-related quality of life. Latent class clustering analysis is an innovative tool for classifying patient symptom experience. Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify subgroups of patients at greatest risk for high symptom burden, which may facilitate development of patient-centered symptom management interventions. Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, baseline data were analyzed from 3,921 adults enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study from 2003 to 2008. Latent class cluster modeling using 11 items on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life symptom profile was employed to identify patient subgroups based on similar observed physical symptom response patterns. Multinomial