The current study examined the performance of modified waste cotton cloth (MWCC) in the removal of organic pollutants from domestic wastewater as an emerging technique for waste textile resource management and reuse. The MWCC biofilm carrier was self-made with discarded cotton cloths cut into smaller strips with 66 cm long and average weight of 2.4 g each. The surface of the non-modified waste cotton cloth (NM-WCC) was modified through the hydrosulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4) method to enhance the physical characteristics of the material such as hydrophilicity and biofilm attachment. The best filling rate of the carrier used for the experiment was 65% as determined by preliminary studies. Two self-made biological contact biofilm reactors: R1 (installed with NM-WCC) and R2 (fixed with MWCC), were used for the experiment. The experimental results showed that MWCC had higher removal efficacy of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen (NH 4 +-N) and total phosphorus (TP) at 98.34%, 85.44% and 60.20%, respectively. The hydraulic retention time decreased from 21 to 8 h on the 4th day. The scanning electron microscope was used to analyse the surface characteristics of the NM-WCC and MWCC. The water-holding capacity of the biofilm carriers was determined through the static immersion method and ASTM D1117-80 guiding principles. The water contact angle was estimated through the static process by adapting Young's equation. The findings of this research could significantly contribute to the discovering of alternative innovative technological prospects of utilizing H 2 SO 4 MWCC as an effective biofilm carrier in domestic wastewater treatment.

This chapter incorporates the relevance of tacit knowledge and highlights some major barriers to knowledge sharing. Knowledge transfer is action through which; information, skills, expertise and experience is exchanged among people in an organization and it is a valuable and tangible asset for creating sustainability, performance and competitive advantage. From what is currently known, knowledge sharing activities occur generally with the support of knowledge systems designed by the board and knowledge managers. It is suggested that technology is one of the tools that support knowledge sharing, though other factors exist, such as organizational culture, trust, leadership and management philosophy, incentives and internal control systems. In this study, the researchers explore possible knowledge sharing opportunities and associated barriers, starting from top management to employees. The main purpose of this chapter is to look at how tacit knowledge affects organizational success. The chapter also covers ways to promote knowledge transfer in order to improve organizational performance and innovation. The discussion elaborated on the significance of tacit knowledge in a way that previous literature does not. It is emphasized that, from a resource-based view, businesses gain competitive advantage when they value and retain their existing tacit knowledge, as explicit knowledge is already known to everyone. According to the study, important variables such as corporate culture, individual employees, technology, and organizational internal factors are potential hurdles that must be examined to minimize the impact on organizational learning.

The purpose of this study was to analyze levels of heavy metals and human health risk implications associated with fish consumption from the Yangtze River. A total of 60 fish muscles were taken from six different fish species—Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, Blicca bjoerkna, Mylopharyngodon piceus, Carassius carassius and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco—and digested using standard protocols. Contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al) cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu), were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectroscophotometer ((ZEEnit 700 P Zeeman)). Based on consumer health risk indicators, the health implications to children and adults upon consuming the analyzed fish species were assessed. Findings revealed that Zn recorded the highest mean concentration of 9.87 µg/g in Carassius carassius followed by Mn (7.97 µg/g) in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Cu (2.07 µg/g) in Mylopharyngodon piceus, Pb (1.04 µg/g) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cr (0.63 µg/g) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Cd (0.19 µg/g) in Blicca bjoerkna and Ni (0.16 µg/g) (w/w) in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. In addition, the health risk assessments revealed that children are at heightened non-carcinogenic risk for Pb, Cd, and Co upon consuming the examined fish species.

Heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments has been a hot topic in the past decades. The current study aims to analyze levels of heavy metals and human health risk implications associated with fish consumption from the Yangtze River. Muscles of 60 fish samples which comprised six different fish species: Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , Ctenopharyngodon idellus , Blicca bjoerkna , Mylopharyngodon piceus , Carassius carassius, and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ; were analyzed for total lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al) cobalt (Co), magnesium (Mg), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu). The health risk indicators associated with consumers’ health were estimated for both children and adults. The finding of the study revealed that of the analyzed metals, Zn recorded the highest mean concentration of 9.87 µg/g in Carassius carassius followed by Mn (7.97 µg/g) in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco , Cu (2.07 µg/g) in Mylopharyngodon piceus , Pb (1.04 µg/g) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , Cr (0.63 µg/g) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , Cd (0.19 µg/g) in Blicca bjoerkna and Ni (0.16 µg/g) in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco all measured in wet weight ( w/w ). In addition, the health risk assessments revealed that children are at heightened non-carcinogenic risk for Pb, Cd, and Co upon consuming the examined fish species. The principal component analysis revealed that the pollution of metals in the Yangtze River originates mainly from anthropogenic activities and could deteriorate the quality of fish in the Yangtze River. Therefore, this study could contribute scientific information to help in proper monitoring and regulations to protect the natural resources and human health along the Yangtze River.