Introduction: Coexistence of more than one autoimmune disease (AD) in a single patient is known as polyautoimmunity, and may be seen in up to 35% of patients with ADs. The elimination of B-cells using Rituximab (RTX) improves clinical status in different ADs. The role of cytokine production by B-cells is unclear in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and polyautoimmunity. Methods: As an exploratory study, plasma from 11 patients with either rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or SLE-associated polyautoimmunity was assessed prior and 6 months after therapy with RTX. Eight healthy individuals were used as controls. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA (IFN-α and TGF-β1) or Cytometric Bead Array (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70). Results: Prior to RTX, IL-6 was only elevated in RA and IL-8 was elevated in both RA and SLE-associated polyautoimmunity, compared with controls. After RTX, significant decreases of IL-6 in RA and IL-8 in SLE-associated polyautoimmunity were observed. Levels of other cytokines measured were either similar (IFN-α, TGF β1) or below the detection limit (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12p70) for both patients and controls. Conclusion:Our data highlight the importance of B-cell cytokine secretion in RA and SLE-associated polyautoimmunity, and suggest a differential role in each pathology. A significant increase of IL-8 prior to RTX in both groups, and a significant decrease after therapy only in SLE-associated polyautoimmunity support the potential of IL-8 as a therapeutic target. The heterogeneity of the polyautoimmunity patient population highlights the importance of the selection of specific subsets in future research.
ResumenIntroducción. El curso de anatomía de la carrera de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana ofrece una metodología basada en el aprendizaje cooperativo. Para valorar las distintas actividades de dedicación personal y estudio de los estudiantes, se diseñó una autoevaluación dirigida de sus percepciones sobre sus propias actitudes con respecto al curso.Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo. En 2007, se aplicó a los estudiantes de primer semestre de Medicina una encuesta de autoevaluación del módulo correspondiente a la columna vertebral y al miembro superior I. El cuestionario se enfocó en la evaluación del cumplimiento de las actividades programadas, la participación del estudiante en el anfiteatro y la realización de trabajo personal. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó el análisis factorial.Resultados. Se encuestaron 78 estudiantes, con una edad promedio de 18,5 años, 50% hombres y 50% mujeres. El análisis factorial arrojó tres factores: trabajo cooperativo, motivación intrínseca y motivación extrínseca. Las tres escalas exhibieron puntajes altos y baja variabilidad.Discusión. El análisis de los factores evidenció que el estudiante de primer semestre de Medicina presenta una dependencia de la orientación del docente para realizar sus actividades de aprendizaje, lo que podría explicarse por la transición entre la educación secundaria y el contexto universitario que utiliza una metodología de enseñanza diferente. Asimismo, se observó que las actividades de disección y estudio en el anfiteatro requieren de un trabajo cooperativo, dada la extensión y complejidad del tema.Palabras clave: anatomía, anfiteatro, aprendizaje, trabajo cooperativo, motivación intrínseca, motivación extrínseca, percepciones de los estudiantes.Results: 78 students with an average age group of 18.5 years were assessed, 50% were women and 50% were men. The factorial analysis showed three factors: collaborative work, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. These three aspects showed high scores and low variability. Discussion:The analysis revealed that first semester medicine students have a dependency on their lecturer to familiarize with the activities designed for their learning. This could be explained by the transition from secondary school to university in which students have to adjust to a different teaching methodology. Likewise, it was observed that dissection activities and amphitheatre studies require a collaborative work considering the weight and complexity given by the subject itself.
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