This study aimed to determine the spawning strategy in the Atlantic bobtail squid Sepiola atlantica, in order to add new information to the knowledge of its reproductive strategy. A total of 12 females that spawned in aquaria were examined. Characteristics of the reproductive traits and egg clutches were similar to those of other known Sepiolidae. Clutch size varied from 31 up to 115 eggs. Females of this species had incorporated up to 1.58 times of their body weight into laid eggs. The size of laid eggs showed a positive correlation with maternal body size, supporting the idea that female size is a determinant of egg size. Our data suggest that S. atlantica is an intermittent terminal spawner, and that its spawning strategy comprises group-synchronous ovary maturation, multiple egg laying, and deposition of egg clutches in diVerent locations. The obtained data provide insights for future comparative studies on reproductive allocation.

Biological and habitat characterization of the non-indigenous invasive species Xenostrobus securis was undertaken in the Ria de Vigo. This study included genetic identification of mussel samples collected from introduced and endemic areas, and the assessment of mussel size, population abundance, geographic distribution, pathological condition, and sediment composition of substrata type. The mussel had a marked patchy distribution, being more abundant in brackish sites with fine sediments and high organic matter content. Pathological analysis revealed that X. securis does not play any role as vector for introducing allochthonous pathogens in the Ria de Vigo. Nevertheless, depending on its invasiveness potential, the mussel could be a key host favouring spreading and epizootic outbreaks of marteliosis which is known to be harmful for local bivalve populations. Phylogenetic analyses of the COI gene placed all the resulting sequences in a clade within the genus Xenostrobus and its phylogeny congruent with an Australian/Pacific origin. The COI tree suggests two historical introductions in European waters. One of these invasions seems to have started in Galicia, moving from there towards Italy and France, while the geographical spread of the second invasion cannot be deciphered, although the Australian/Pacific origin of this invasion seems very possible. The 18S network is congruent with one invasion starting in Galicia or in Italy, as the Australian haplotype is closely related to the haplotype found in these areas. Several hypotheses accounting for the colonization history of this species in Galician waters are discussed.

Summary: Four visual censuses targetingOctopus vulgaris living in dens on sandy bottoms were carried out from June to October 2013 in the National Park of the Atlantic Galician Islands (NW Spain). Censuses were undertaken by scuba diving between 5 and 21 m depth in daytime. The total area swept was 13.75 ha. There were no significant differences between octopus presence in dens during open and closed fishing seasons. Depth had a significant negative relationship with occupancy. The average number of dens per 1000 m 2 was 3.84±0.84 in June and 3.89 in October. The area per den was 260 m 2 . Den number estimations varied between 1586 and 2057. The largest number of dens (76.5%) was found between 5 and 10 m depth. Den distribution was clumped. No significant differences were found between octopus size classes (small, medium and large) and den diameter. Associate dens were observed. There were no significant differences in den diameter and shell types found around the middens. Many dens could be "permanent". Drilling bivalve shell behaviour is discussed. The surveyed area had around 1100 individuals, mainly small specimens. No significant differences were found between octopus size and depth. Substrate, den type and food abundance and availability (especially razors Ensis arcuatus) seem to be the main factors influencing dens and octopus density and distribution. Den availability does not appear to be a limiting factor in this case. Temperature, den availability, predators and fishing pressure influencing density and distribution are discussed. Rodas inlet may be a preferential habitat for O. vulgaris individuals ranging from 200 to 2000 g, but especially small specimens (≤1000 g).Keywords: den ecology; visual census; habitat selection; drilling behaviour; Octopus vulgaris; National Park of the Atlantic Galician Islands (NW Spain). Moradores de guaridas de fondos arenosos: rasgos ecológicos y de comportamiento de Octopus vulgarisResumen: Entre junio y octubre de 2013 se realizaron cuatro censos visuales enfocados a estudiar el pulpo común Octopus vulgaris que mora en guaridas en fondos arenosos. Los censos se realizaron en la ensenada de Rodas, ubicada en el archipiélago de Cíes dentro del Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia (NO España). Dichos censos se efectuaron con buceo autónomo entre 5 y 21 m de profundidad y durante el día. El área total barrida fue de 13.75 ha. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la presencia de pulpos en las guaridas durante la temporada de veda y la de pesca. La profundidad tuvo una significación negativa en relación con el grado de ocupación. El promedio de guaridas por cada 1000 m 2 fue de 3.84±0.84 en junio y 3.89 en octubre. El área por guarida fue de 260 m 2 . El número estimado de guaridas varió ente 1586 y 2057. El mayor número de madrigueras (76.5 %) se encontró entre 5 y 10 m de profundidad. La distribución de las guaridas era agregada. No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre el diámetro de los refugios y el tamaño de los pulpos. Tampoco hubo ...

6The first description of cannibalism in wild adults Octopus vulgaris is presented from three 7 observations made off the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain), which were filmed by scuba divers. Two 8 of these records occurred within the National Park of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia (NW 9 Atlantic) in December 2012 and November 2013, and another at the southern part off the Ría 10 de Vigo. These records, recorded with a Sony DV-Cam camcorder, allowed to obtain 11 common traits in cannibalistic behavior: i) it was an intercohort cannibalism; ii) attacks were 12 made by both males and females; iii) in two of the records, the preys were transported to the 13 den, which was covered with stones of different sizes; iv) the predator started to eat the tip of 14 the arms of its prey; v) predation on conspecifics occurred even if there were other abundant 15 and available preys (i.e. mussels); vi) facing an intruder (i.e. diver) the predator defense of its