Objective:To evaluate the safety and the serological response after two doses of mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people with HIV (PWH).Methods:Participants were evaluated 4 weeks after the second dose of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccine. Tolerability was evaluated with a specific adverse event questionnaire. Patient's sera were analysed using LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin).Results:One-hundred PWH were included, 75% of them men, with a mean age of 44 ± 11 years old, all receiving antiretroviral treatment and mostly with controlled viral loads (98% with HIV RNA <50 copies/ml) and 96% had >200 CD4+/μl. All patients seroconverted after vaccination (antibody concentration ≥33.8 binding antibody units [BAU]/ml). Only 3% of the patients had a low antibody concentration (<520 BAU/ml), whereas 67% of them had concentrations above the assay's detection range (>2080 BAU/ml). Fifty-six patients had local or systemic symptoms, with mild arthromyalgia being the most common systemic symptom. No severe adverse events were reported.Conclusions:Vaccination with two doses of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 is well tolerated in PWH under effective antiretroviral treatment and it leads to a successful antibody response.

One of the biggest threats we face globally is the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, which runs in parallel with the lack in the development of new antimicrobials. Among these AMR bacteria pathogens belonging to the ESKAPE group can be highlighted (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) due to their profile of drug resistance and virulence. Therefore, innovative lines of treatment must be developed for these bacteria. In this review, we summarize the different strategies for the treatment and study of molecular mechanisms of AMR in the ESKAPE pathogens based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins’ technologies: loss of plasmid or cellular viability, random mutation or gene deletion as well directed mutations that lead to a gene’s loss of function.

To optimize phage therapy, we need to understand how bacteria evolve against phage attacks. One of the main problems of phage therapy is the appearance of bacterial resistance variants. The use of genomics to track antimicrobial resistance is increasingly developed and used in clinical laboratories. For that reason, it is important to consider, in an emerging future with phage therapy, to detect and avoid phage-resistant strains that can be overcome by the analysis of metadata provided by whole-genome sequencing. Here, we identified genes associated with phage resistance in 18 Acinetobacter baumannii clinical strains belonging to the ST-2 clonal complex during a decade (Ab2000 vs. 2010): 9 from 2000 to 9 from 2010. The presence of genes putatively associated with phage resistance was detected. Genes detected were associated with an abortive infection system, restriction–modification system, genes predicted to be associated with defense systems but with unknown function, and CRISPR-Cas system. Between 118 and 171 genes were found in the 18 clinical strains. On average, 26% of these genes were detected inside genomic islands in the 2000 strains and 32% in the 2010 strains. Furthermore, 38 potential CRISPR arrays in 17 of 18 of the strains were found, as well as 705 proteins associated with CRISPR-Cas systems. A moderately higher presence of these genes in the strains of 2010 in comparison with those of 2000 was found, especially those related to the restriction–modification system and CRISPR-Cas system. The presence of these genes in genomic islands at a higher rate in the strains of 2010 compared with those of 2000 was also detected. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics could be powerful tools to avoid drawbacks when a personalized therapy is applied. In this study, it allows us to take care of the phage resistance in A. baumannii clinical strains to prevent a failure in possible phage therapy.