The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world.

resumenEn el presente estudio se indagó la relación entre calidad de vida (CV) de mujeres con cáncer de mama, optimismo y estrategias de afrontamiento. Veinticinco mujeres con cáncer de mama respondieron una serie de instrumentos: WHOQOL-BREF, LOT-R, CSI y un cuestionario para recoger datos sociodemográficos y de salud. Se encontraron correlaciones entre cada una de las variables independientes (optimismo y estrategias de afrontamiento) con CV, y entre las variables independientes. Un análisis de regresión múltiple mostró que la variable que mejor predice la CV es el afrontamiento, específicamente dos estrategias de afrontamiento, el apoyo social y la autocrítica, que en conjunto explican un 50.7% de la varianza de la CV. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos resultados en el desarrollo de intervenciones multidisciplinarias, así como también las limitaciones de este estudio y sugerencias de futuras líneas de investigación. Palabras clave: calidad de vida, optimismo, afrontamiento, cáncer de mama. abstractIn the present study we investigated the relationship between quality of life (QOL) of women with breast cancer, optimism and coping strategies. Twenty-five women with breast cancer were asked to answer a series of instruments: WHOQOL-BREF, LOT-R, CSI and a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and health data. Correlations were found between each of the independent variables (optimism and coping strategies) with QOL and between the independent variables. A multiple regression analysis showed that the strongest predictor of QOL is the coping, specifically two coping strategies, social support and self-criticism, which together account for a 50.7% of the variance of the QOL. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results in the development of multidisciplinary interventions, as well as the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research.

ResumenSe han reportado bajas tasas de adherencia al tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas (50%). Asimismo, los factores psicosociales estarían relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento. Con el propósito de identifi car la relación que existe entre factores psicosociales y la adherencia al tratamiento de la DM2 en usuarios del sistema de salud pública chileno, se diseñó un estudio no experimental transversal correlacional (n = 50, edad promedio 60,76 años). Se autoadministraron encuestas para evaluar estrés y estilo de afrontamiento, sintomatología depresiva, percepción de apoyo social y adherencia al tratamiento. 40% de los pacientes presenta valores de hemoglobina glicosilada (Hb1Ac) mayores a 9%, mientras que un 66% de los participantes presenta desde moderados a altos niveles de estrés. En promedio durante los últimos 7 días los participantes han cumplido con la dieta general en 4,37 días, han consumido frutas y verduras en 3,14 días y han realizado exámenes de glicemia en 1,1 días. Existe una correlación directa entre el estrés y la hemoglobina glicosilada. El apoyo social y la sintomatología depresiva no se asociaron con la adherencia al tratamiento pero sí con el estrés. Se confi rman pobres cifras de adherencia, y la asociación entre alto estrés y altos índices de Hb1Ac.Palabras clave: Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, adherencia al tratamiento, estrés, sintomatología depresiva, estilos de afrontamiento AbstractIt is estimated that rates of non-adherence to chronic diseases are around 50%. International studies have reported some psychosocial factors related to treatment adherence. The purpose of the present study was to detect the relationship between psychosocial factors and treatment adherence in a sample of Type 2 Diabetics subjects from a public health institution. To this end, a non -experimental transversal correlational study was designed with a 50 DM2 subjects sample, which average age was 60,76 years old. Self-report measures of stress level, coping style, depressive symptoms, social support perception and treatment adherence, were obtained. The results revealed that 40% of participants had glycosylated hemoglobin over 9%, and 66% of them shown moderate to high stress levels. In average during the last 7 days, the participants have accomplished the diet 4,37 days, consumed fruits and vegetables 3,14 days and took glycemia test in 1,1 days. There is a direct correlation between the stress level and concentrations of glycosylated hemoglobin. Unlike stress, social support and depressive symptomatology was not associated with treatment adherence. These results confi rm low levels of treatment adherence and high rates of stress in DM2 patients, as well as its association with high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin. Key words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment adherence, psychological stress, depression, copying styleEste estudio se enmarca en la etapa de pilotaje del proyecto del Fondo Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo en Salud, FONIS Nº SA07I20071, que lleva por título "Factores psicosociales aso...

Recent research in psychiatric genetics has led to a move away from simple diathesis-stress models to more complex models of psychopathology incorporating a focus on gene–environment interactions and epigenetics. Our increased understanding of the way biology encodes the impact of life events on organisms has also generated more sophisticated theoretical models concerning the molecular processes at the interface between “nature” and “nurture.” There is also increasing consensus that psychotherapy entails a specific type of learning in the context of an emotional relationship (i.e., the therapeutic relationship) that may also lead to epigenetic modifications across different therapeutic treatment modalities. This paper provides a systematic review of this emerging body of research. It is concluded that, although the evidence is still limited at this stage, extant research does indeed suggest that psychotherapy may be associated with epigenetic changes. Furthermore, it is argued that epigenetic studies may play a key role in the identification of biomarkers implicated in vulnerability for psychopathology, and thus may improve diagnosis and open up future research opportunities regarding the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs as well as psychotherapy. We review evidence suggesting there may be important individual differences in susceptibility to environmental input, including psychotherapy. In addition, given that there is increasing evidence for the transgenerational transmission of epigenetic modifications in animals and humans exposed to trauma and adversity, epigenetic changes produced by psychotherapy may also potentially be passed on to the next generation, which opens up new perspective for prevention science. We conclude this paper stressing the limitations of current research and by proposing a set of recommendations for future research in this area.

El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) es una técnica de análisis estadística multivariada, que permite analizar patrones complejos de relaciones entre variables, realizar comparaciones entre e intragrupos, y validar modelos teóricos y empíricos. SEM puede ser utilizado para responder una amplia variedad de preguntas de investigación tanto en diseños experimentales como no experimentales. Pese a sus ventajas sobre técnicas tradicionales como la regresión múltiple o ANOVA, su uso en ciencias médicas y de la salud es poco frecuente. Por tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es introducir esta técnica de análisis a investigadores de las ciencias médicas y de la salud, explicando su aplicación con ejemplos del estudio chileno de predictores psicológicos de obesidad y síndrome metabólico (PPOMS). Se espera contribuir a la comprensión de esta técnica de análisis entre lectores de manuscritos científicos y estimular su uso entre investigadores de las ciencias médicas y de la salud.