Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is an uncommon anomaly, estimated to be present in about 0.3-0.5% of the population. It results from an embryological defect involving failure of the left cardinal vein to degenerate. It is present along with a right-sided superior vena cava in 82.2% of the cases reported. The condition most commonly occurs along with other cardiovascular malformations and frequently goes undiagnosed because when not accompanied by other anomalies it is typically asymptomatic. PLSVC is most often discovered subsequent to central venous or pulmonary artery catheter placement.

No abstract

No abstract

A total of 905 unipolar polyurethane pacing leads have been implanted by the first author's group, between April 1978 and February 1982, with a mean implant time of 1.4 years. Twelve leads were explanled and analyzed. Eleven of the explanled leads exhibited some degree of surface damage or “frosting.” Of the 11, five atrial (Medtronic 6991 U) and one ventricular (Medtronic 6971) lead suffered complete insulation failure. One lead was completely free from surface damage, Clinically, insulation failure presented as muscie stimulation and/or battery depletion. Surface damage appears to be due to an environmental stress cracking (ESC) mechanism. ESC requires both a surface active agent from the hostile biological environment, and stress in excess of a threshold value. The minor surface damage or “frosting” of the eleven explanted leads was typically 10 to 15 microns deep on leads implanted about one year, although one device (15 months) had 30 micron cracks. No lead failures in this series were attributed to this shallow cracking mechanism. The severe cracking of the six Medtronic leads leading to insulation failure was thought to be due to the unusually high tensile stresses imposed by manufacturing processes and ligatures. The incidence of failure was 7% (5/74) for the Medtronic 6991 U and 0.2% (1/454) for the Medtronic 6971, Medtronic lead manufacturing processes have been modified to reduce the high residual tensile stresses and a fixation sleeve has been added to reduce ligature stress.