The results indicate that TAE is effective in managing symptoms associated with lower limb OA.

AE may improve physical functioning in healthy older people and is at least as effective as LE.

This study presents a complete biomechanical analysis of the block phase of a swimming modified track start. Kinetic, kinematic and electromyography (EMG) data were collected. The forces produced by the swimmer on the block, the EMG of eight muscles and the kinematics of the centre of mass (CM) were recorded. A national-level swimmer performed three repetitions of a track start in a dynamometric starting block. Temporal instants 'reaction time', 'hands take-off', 'rear foot take-off' and 'front foot take-off' were identified. Results show the peak forces (Fmax) produced by the most dynamic limb in each sub-phase delimited by mentioned instants (right hand takeoff: Fmax vertical = 103 N; rear foot takeoff: Fmax antero-posterior = 524 N; front foot takeoff: Fmax vertical = 634 N). The CM revealed a descendent vertical trajectory along the block phase. Mean resultant speed at front foot takeoff was 4.092m/s. The muscles with highest values of integral EMG (iEMG) were the tibialis anterior during hands takeoff , Biceps Femoris and Gluteus Maximus during rear foot takeoff , respectively 41.17%, 52.96% and 36.37% of the maximum isometric voluntary contraction (%MIVC). The study demonstrates an effective characterisation of the block phase in swimming starts with potential to evaluate the swimmers performance in the track start, using different back plate positioning.