Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by FRIEDRICH ALEXANDER UNIVERSITAET ERLANGEN NUERNBERG For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comWith over forty years' experience, Emerald Group Publishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.*Related content and download information correct at time of download.E-business models and consumer expectations for digital audio distribution Michael Amberg and Manuela SchröderUniversity of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, GermanyAbstract Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to aim to evaluate to what extent present e-business models for digital audio distribution meet the consumer's expectations. Design/methodology/approach -The research method in this paper is particularly based on two empirical studies. In the first study, the supplier side was examined. In this context, 15 e-business models in the German music market were identified, classified according to two criteria (type of compensation and dependency on the supplier or its technology) and analysed with regard to four aspects "type and volume of content", "price of content", "rights of use", and "additional services". To evaluate the identified e-business models, the consumer expectations for digital audio distribution were analysed in a second study. Finally, the results of both studies were compared. Findings -The paper finds that most of the identified e-business models do not meet all of the fundamental consumer expectations. Either the identified category of e-business models and its characteristics (e.g. dependency on technology) lead to a conflict with regard to the expectations of the consumers, or the implemented e-business models reveal discrepancies between the concrete offer and the demand.Research limitations/implications -The results in the paper are limited to e-business models for digital audio distribution in the German music market.Practical implications -The paper shows that, in order to reach more consumers, most of the existing e-business models have to be modified. Originality/value -Based on two empirical studies, this paper presents the state-of-the-art of the digital audio distribution in Germany and systematically identifies gaps between the demand and the supply side of digital audio content.

N-nitro-dimethylamine (NTDMA) is carcinogenic to rats: it induces nasal cavity tumours. It can be demethylated to N-nitromethylamine and formaldehyde and reduced to N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA): a potent liver carcinogen and also of the nasal cavity if activation in the liver is blocked. To explain the mechanism of NTDMA carcinogenicity we compared its demethylation with that of NDMA in liver microsomes from female and male rats, untreated, fasted or treated with ethanol to induce cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). Kinetic parameters were analysed by nonlinear statistical methods, which yielded unbiased parameter estimates for the calculated Km and Vmax values. Km for both compounds was very similar in females (24-47 microM) whereas Vmax for NTDMA was consistently higher than for NDMA as substrate: 1.07-4.70 nmol formaldehyde/mg microsomal protein x min and 0.52-2.76 nmol, respectively. In liver microsomes from induced male rats NTDMA was found to be a much more effective inhibitor of NDMA activation (KEI 39.6-73.6 microM) than NDMA of NTDMA demethylation (KEI 224-286 microM). Nasal microsomes can demethylate both NDMA and NTDMA but the kinetics are vastly different. NTDMA is demethylated at a linear rate and approximately 10-fold more effectively than NDMA. The mechanism of carcinogenicity of ingested NTDMA, we propose, is a partial reduction to NDMA in the liver and inhibition of NDMA activation in the liver by residual NTDMA, which enables NDMA to reach the nasal mucosa where it is activated to DNA-alkylating species and the observed tumours are formed.

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