No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

We describe and model the evolution of a recent landslide, tsunami, outburst flood, and sediment plume in the southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada. On November 28, 2020, about 18 million m3 of rock descended 1,000 m from a steep valley wall and traveled across the toe of a glacier before entering a 0.6 km2 glacier lake and producing >100‐m high run‐up. Water overtopped the lake outlet and scoured a 10‐km long channel before depositing debris on a 2‐km2 fan below the lake outlet. Floodwater, organic debris, and fine sediment entered a fjord where it produced a 60+km long sediment plume and altered turbidity, water temperature, and water chemistry for weeks. The outburst flood destroyed forest and salmon spawning habitat. Physically based models of the landslide, tsunami, and flood provide real‐time simulations of the event and can improve understanding of similar hazard cascades and the risk they pose.

A novel oriented volume over ground (OVoG) inversion scheme is developed and tested on a data set of simulated agricultural scenarios and real SAR acquisitions. The algorithm makes use of multibaseline measurements to estimate the whole set of the OVoG structural parameters (e.g., crop height, differential extinction between eigenpolarizations, and ground-to-volume ratios) and is significantly robust against nonvolumetric decorrelation contributions. The theoretical assessment points out that, in the dual-baseline case, the vegetation height h V can be estimated with a relative root-mean-square deviation (%RMSD) of 7.8% if the selected baselines fulfill the condition 1.2 < κ z h V < 2.8 rad (κ z is the vertical wavenumber). Furthermore, the variance of the estimates is inversely related to the number of baselines N b. Compared with the dual-baseline case, the RMSD of the differential extinction is reduced by 45% (from 1.1 to 0.6 dB/m) when N b = 5 baselines are employed, whereas its mean bias is independent of N b. The proposed scheme has been assessed using a set of repeatpass F-SAR acquisitions at L-, C-, and X-band of an agricultural area in Germany. Using two baselines, the height of maize and rape fields is estimated with an average 10% %RMSD if the inversion is carried out over L-band acquisitions. On the other hand, when X-band data are employed, one can obtain reliable estimates of wheat and barley height, with a %RMSD better than 24%. The study also indicates the existence of differential wave propagation effects through maize (Δσ = σ VV − σ HH between 0.7 and 1 dB/m) and rape (Δσ = −0.8 dB/m) canopies at L-band.Index Terms-Agriculture, multibaseline, multifrequency, oriented volume over ground (OVoG), parameter retrieval, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry (Pol-InSAR).