Objectives: The study was aimed at investigating the characteristics of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets and serum cytokines in children with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Methods: Children with 2019-nCoV pneumonia or with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia were included. Data including lymphocyte subsets and serum cytokines were collected and analyzed. Results: 56 patients were included in the study, 40 children with 2019-nCoV pneumonia and 16 children with RSV pneumonia. Compared with children with RSV pneumonia, patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia had higher count of CD3 + 8 + lymphocyte, higher percentages of CD3 + , CD3 + 8 + lymphocytes and a lower percentage of CD19 + lymphocyte. The serum IL-10 level was significantly higher in children with RSV pneumonia. One 2019-nCoV pneumonia child who was with an obvious increase of IL-10 developed severe pneumonia. Conclusions: Immune response played a very important role in the development of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. The effective CD8 + T cell response might influence the severity of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. The adaptable change in IL-10 level might contribute to the relatively mild pneumonia symptoms in children with 2019-nCoV pneumonia and bacterial co-infection might be a risk factor of severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia.

A series of Pd/TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized by a simple glucose reduction method, and their photocatalysis properties were evaluated in an array of CO2 hydrogenations. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, EDX mapping, UV–vis DRS, Raman spectroscopy, PL spectroscopy, XPS, and N2 adsorption. In terms of product yields (in micromoles per gram of catalyst), a 1.0 wt % Pd/TiO2 catalyst (CH4, 355.62; CO, 46.35; C2H6, 39.69) was found to be superior to pristine TiO2 (CH4, 42.65; CO, 4.73; C2H6, 2.7) and other composites under UV irradiation for 3 h, possibly because of a synergistic effect between the palladium nanoparticles and the TiO2 support. The palladium nanoparticles on the surface of TiO2 substantially accelerated electron transfer and acted as active sites for the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, to promote CO2 hydrogenation. During the photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation, dissociated hydrogen reacts with CO2 – activated on the Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst to form a new PdC surface species that is stable during the reaction and further transforms to generate methane. A detailed mechanism of photocatalytic CO2 hydrogenation is discussed to account for the performance of the Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst in the reaction.

• Immune responses to FVIII sequence variants encoded by ns-SNPs do not contribute appreciably to inhibitor development in African Americans.• African American HA subjects with an intron-22 inversion had a 2-to 3-times-higher inhibitor incidence than whites with the same mutation.African American hemophilia A (HA) patients experience a higher incidence of neutralizing anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies ("inhibitors") vis-à-vis white patients. Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (ns-SNPs) in the F8 gene encoding FVIII-H484, FVIII-E1241, and FVIII-V2238 are more prevalent in African Americans. This study tested the hypothesis that immune responses to these sites provoke inhibitors. Blood samples were obtained from 174 African American and 198 white HA subjects and their F8 gene sequences determined. Major histocompatibility complex class II binding and T-cell recognition of polymorphic sequences were evaluated using quantitative binding assays and HLA-DRB1 tetramers. Peptides corresponding to 4 common ns-SNPs showed limited binding to 11 HLA-DRB1 proteins. CD4 T cells from 22 subjects treated with FVIII products having sequences at residues FVIII-484, 1241, and 2238 differing from those of putative proteins encoded by their F8 genes did not show high-avidity tetramer binding, whereas positive-control staining of tetanus-specific CD4 T cells was routinely successful. African Americans with an intron-22 inversion mutation showed a 2-3 times-higher inhibitor incidence than whites with the same mutation (odds ratio 5 2.3 [1.1-5.0, P 5 .04]), but this did not correlate with any of the ns-SNPs. We conclude that immune responses to "sequence-mismatched" FVIII products are unlikely to contribute appreciably to the inhibitor incidence in African Americans. (Blood. 2015;126(7):895-904)

Aim: To develop a population pharmacokinetics model of oxcarbazepine in Chinese pediatric patients with epilepsy, and to study the interactions between oxcarbazepine and other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Methods: A total of 688 patients with epilepsy aged 2 months to 18 years were divided into model (n=573) and valid (n=115) groups. Serum concentrations of the main active metabolite of oxcarbazepine, 10-hydroxycarbazepine (MHD), were determined 0.5-48 h after the last dosage. A population pharmacokinetics (PPK) model was constructed using NLME software. This model was internally evaluated using Bootstrapping and goodness-of-fit plots inspection. The data of the valid group were used to calculate the mean prediction error (MPE), mean absolute prediction error (MAE), mean squared prediction error (MSE) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to externally evaluate the model.