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These results suggest that NPSU may not have the same perceived negative social consequences as other more stigmatized stimulant drugs, with young men in particular giving little weight to the potential consequences of NPSU.

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Binge drinking is frequently reported by young adults, despite being associated with a number of negative consequences. This type of heavy drinking is associated with deficits in many executive functions, including working memory. Poor working memory may contribute to increased alcohol use by limiting one's ability to modulate their behavior, including drinking. Furthermore, the limited resource model of executive functioning predicts that individuals with poorer premorbid executive functioning abilities, whose working memory is taxed or depleted, should experience the highest levels of dysregulated behavior. This research aimed to experimentally test this hypothesis among young adult heavy drinkers. Twenty-four binge and/or heavy drinkers (66.7% men; Mage = 22.95) completed a baseline measure of executive functioning and were then randomized to complete a working memory depletion task or a control task. Participants subsequently completed a taste-rating task in which quantity of alcohol consumed was unobtrusively measured. Participants who experienced working memory depletion were more likely to consume higher quantities of alcohol only when their baseline executive functioning was poorer. Results from this preliminary study suggest that among individuals with lower executive functioning, dysregulated behavior including increased alcohol use may result from environmental demands that tax working memory resources. (PsycINFO Database Record

Masculine honor ideology (MHI) refers to a set of beliefs that dictate men must respond aggressively to threat or insult to maintain their ideal masculine reputation. The current study demonstrates the robust relationship between MHI and lifetime aggression outcomes in a national sample of men from the United States. It also details the regional prevalence of MHI and compares these rates across races and regions of the country. Participants included 896 adult United States men ( Mage = 35.86, SD = 1.22) recruited on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. It was expected that the odds of endorsing past aggressive behavior and lifetime maladjustment would be increased by stronger adherence to MHI. This hypothesis was supported, and individuals who reported greater MHI adherence also had higher rates of lifetime aggression and maladjustment. Contrary to expectations, White, non-Hispanic men endorsed lower rates of MHI than did other men. Black men adhered more strongly to MHI than White and Hispanic men. It was also expected that men in the Southern and Western United States would endorse greater MHI in comparison to men in the Northeast United States. The hypothesis was only partially supported for White, non-Hispanic men, and it was associated with participant birthplace and their father’s birthplace. There were no regional differences in MHI adherence related to the participants’ mother’s birthplace or where participants lived at survey completion. These findings suggest that MHI may spread more uniformly than prior research suggests and that MHI may have more nuanced cultural considerations that deserve continued empirical investigation.