Abstract We used a novel penile simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) transmission model to investigate whether long-acting cabotegravir (CAB LA) prevents penile SHIV acquisition in macaques. Twenty-two macaques were exposed to SHIV via the foreskin and urethra once weekly for 12 weeks. Of these, 6 received human-equivalent doses of CAB LA, 6 received oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and 10 were untreated. The efficacy of CAB LA was high (94.4%; 95% confidence interval, 58.2%–99.3%) and similar to that seen with oral emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (94.0%; 55.1%–99.2%). The high efficacy of CAB LA in the penile transmission model supports extending the clinical advancement of CAB LA preexposure prophylaxis to heterosexual men.

Prevention of HIV infection and unintended pregnancies are public health priorities. In sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV prevalence is highest, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is widely used as contraception. Therefore, understanding potential interactions between DMPA and antiretrovirals is critical. Here, we use a macaque model to investigate the effect of DMPA on the pharmacology of the antiretroviral tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). Female rhesus macaques received 30 mg of DMPA (n = 9) or were untreated (n = 9). Macaques received a human equivalent dose of TAF (1.5 mg/kg) orally by gavage. Tenofovir (TFV) and TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) were measured in blood, secretions, and tissues over 72 h. The median area under the curve (AUC 0–72h ) values for TFV-DP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were similar in DMPA-treated (6991 fmol*h/10 6 cells) and untreated controls (5256 fmol*h/10 6 cells) (P = 0.174). Rectal tissue TFV-DP concentrations from DMPA+ animals [median: 20.23 fmol/mg of tissue (range: 4.94–107.95)] were higher than the DMPA− group [median: below the limit of quantification (BLOQ-11.92)], (P = 0.019). TFV-DP was not detectable in vaginal tissue from either group. A high-dose DMPA treatment in macaques was associated with increased rectal TFV-DP levels, indicating a potential tissue-specific drug-drug interaction. The lack of detectable TFV-DP in the vaginal tissue warrants further investigation of PrEP efficacy with single-agent TAF products. DMPA did not affect systemic TAF metabolism, with similar PBMC TFV-DP in both groups, suggesting that DMPA use should not alter the antiviral activity of TAF.

Objectives We conducted a detailed pharmacokinetic assessment in macaques treated with vaginal gels formulated with HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) to better understand drug distribution and identify INSTI concentrations associated with previously demonstrated in vivo protection against vaginal simian HIV challenge. Methods Six macaques received vaginal gel containing 1% raltegravir (30 mg) once-weekly over 6 weeks. Following a washout period, five macaques received once-weekly gel containing 0.23% L-870,812 (7 mg). Drug concentrations were measured in plasma, mucosal fluids and vaginal tissues at baseline and 2, 5 and 24 h post-dosing. Results The median maximum concentration (Cmax) for raltegravir and L-870,812 in plasma was below the limit of quantification and 41.1 ng/mL, respectively. The Cmax in vaginal fluids (1441 and 1250 μg/mL) and tissues (266.7 and 368.4 μg/g) was achieved 2–5 h after dosing, respectively. A similar half-life was observed for raltegravir and L-870,812 in vaginal fluids (8–10 h) and remained 3–4 orders of magnitude above the protein-adjusted IC95 (0.016 and 0.106 μg/mL, respectively) at 24 h. Drug concentrations in vaginal fluids correlated well with those in vaginal tissues (Pearson r ≥ 0.788). Both drugs were consistently detected in rectal fluids 2 h after vaginal dosing, albeit at much lower levels (31–92-fold) than those in vaginal fluids. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first data on INSTI levels in vaginal tissues associated with in vivo protection and demonstrates rectal drug distribution of INSTIs after vaginal dosing. These findings may inform dose selection for topical products with INSTIs for HIV prevention.