One of the best remaining manuscripts is the "Canon of Medicine" fathered by Avicenna in the Islamic Golden Age [ninth to twelfth century AD]. Considering Avicenna's role in the development of medical science in the Islamic Golden Age, we reviewed Avicenna's point of view on sexual headache based on his famous book "Canon of Medicine". This historical review discusses the clinical approaches applied to diagnose, classify, and treat sexual headache-specifically herbal therapy-from the viewpoint of Avicenna and Traditional Persian Medicine. The accurate observations of Avicenna give a comprehensive classified etiology of the sexual headache. The efficacy of some medicinal herbs used by him for sexual headache treatments, such as the analgesic effect of lavender, chamomile, and jasmine has been proved by current medicine; however, the knowledge of medieval physicians should be scientifically investigated even further to extend new remedial options for sexual headache.

Background:Headache is certainly one of the most common medical complaints of general population and one of the important causes of consumption of drugs. Despite its high overall prevalence, the epidemiology of exertional headache is not clear enough.Objectives:To determine the prevalence of headache in athletic and non-athletic university students and also estimating its variation between different sports fields including concussion prone sports.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study comprised 739 subjects (367 athletes and 372 non-athletes). The present study was carried out on athletic and non-athletic university students aging between 18 to 28 years. An athlete was defined as a person who had at least one year of experience in sports including football, volleyball, basketball, wrestling, boxing, martial arts, track and field, chess, handball and swimming for three sessions a week each lasting at least 2 hours. The random selection of these participants was done by an independent statistical consultant. A questionnaire was used for data collection which was then analyzed by statistical methods.Results:Our study comprised 739 subjects (367 athletes and 372 non-athletes). Among athletic university students, 152 (41.2%) participants complained of headache. Such a complaint was present in 217 (58.3%) non-athletic university students. This lower prevalence of headache in athletes was statistically significant (P value < 0.001). Among ten different sports fields, the prevalence of headache among wrestlers was significantly higher than others (P value < 0.001).Conclusions:The prevalence of headache is seemingly lower in athletic university students than non-athletic ones. In addition, among athletes, those who are participating in concussion prone sports especially wrestling experience headache more than athletes of other fields.

Introduction: As diabetes and obesity increase worldwide, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becomes a more worrying health threat. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the impacts of chicory seed aqueous extract on the treatment of NAFLD. Patients and Methods: Around 60 patients with NAFLD who referred to Zanjan Metabolic Disease Research Center between March 2016 and April 2017 were allocated into treatment and placebo groups, randomly. The participants in the treatment group (n=30) were scheduled to consume 8 ml of chicory seed syrup (made by soaking 100 g of dried seeds in one liter of boiling water) twice daily for 12 weeks. The control group’s patients received placebo syrup with an identical figure and flavor and also with the same prescript. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test, chi-square test, independent t-test and paired t test were applied for analysis of data. From the point of statistical view, P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The body mass index (BMI), liver enzymes, fasting blood sugar test (FBS), HbA1c, fatty liver grading and all the indices of lipid profile decreased significantly (all P values < 0.001) in the chicory group. The shifting change in fatty liver grading was also striking in treatment group’s patients compared to controls. Conclusion: The findings of this study support the application of chicory seed in the treatment of NAFLD due to the ameliorative effects on the metabolic indices of the disease. Trial Registration: This clinical trial protocol has been registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (identifier: IRCT2016061228411N1; https://en.irct.ir/trial/23063, ethical code #IR.ZUMS.REC.1395.195).