We have developed an image analysis application to quantify liver fibrosis. Correlation between our results and a standard semiquantitative system was demonstrated.

This paper summarizes multiple perspectives of the common operational picture (COP) in military and civilian crisis management domains viewed from three vantage points: historical, conceptual, and practical. The term COP extends prior research on large group displays to describe a visual representation of tactical, operational, and strategic information intended to generate situation awareness. We present four strata of interest to formulate an innovative conceptual framework of the COP based on user-team needs: structure, representation, processes, and management. This conceptual framework is applied as part of a review of recent and ongoing projects that examines current research gaps in the application of geographic information systems (GIS) to international humanitarian response. INTRODUCTIONThe objective of this paper is to understand and pinpoint multiple perspectives of what has been referred to as the common operational picture (COP). The paper focuses on military and civilian crisis management domains involving multiple levels of teamwork that are often distributed and asynchronous in practice. To engage a broad perspective, this review will view the COP through historical, conceptual, and practical vantage points. These vantage points are not mutually exclusive but lend themselves to different portrayals of the COP as supported by the literature and our own viewpoints of the subject. We review the historical nature of the COP and how the term is presently used for our target areas of interest which are derived from military communications, command, and control (C 3 ) and network-centric operations. The perspective of geographic information systems (GIS) research provides a compelling context to explore these points in detail. BACKGROUND

This paper summarizes multiple perspectives of the common operational picture (COP) in military and civilian crisis management domains viewed from three vantage points: historical, conceptual, and practical. The term COP extends prior research on large group displays to describe a visual representation of tactical, operational, and strategic information intended to generate situation awareness. We present four strata of interest to formulate an innovative conceptual framework of the COP based on user-team needs: structure, representation, processes, and management. This conceptual framework is applied as part of a review of recent and ongoing projects that examines current research gaps in the application of geographic information systems (GIS) to international humanitarian response. INTRODUCTIONThe objective of this paper is to understand and pinpoint multiple perspectives of what has been referred to as the common operational picture (COP). The paper focuses on military and civilian crisis management domains involving multiple levels of teamwork that are often distributed and asynchronous in practice. To engage a broad perspective, this review will view the COP through historical, conceptual, and practical vantage points. These vantage points are not mutually exclusive but lend themselves to different portrayals of the COP as supported by the literature and our own viewpoints of the subject. We review the historical nature of the COP and how the term is presently used for our target areas of interest which are derived from military communications, command, and control (C 3 ) and network-centric operations. The perspective of geographic information systems (GIS) research provides a compelling context to explore these points in detail. BACKGROUND

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