Ten acidic and two neutral pharmaceuticals were detected in the effluents of eight sewage treatment plants (STPs) from across Atlantic Canada. Concentrations varied between nondetectable and 35 microg/L. The analgesic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and naproxen were predominant. Carbamazepine, a neutral compound used as an antiepileptic drug, was observed consistently at a median concentration of 79 ng/L. Acetaminophen was found in the effluents of the three largest mechanical STPs at a median concentration of 1.9 microg/L, but not in the lagoon treatment systems. The substantially longer hydraulic retention times may have contributed to more effective removal of acetaminophen in the lagoon treatment systems. Drugs generally were not detected at significant concentrations in the larger bodies of receiving water (Saint John River, Hillsborough River, and Bedford Bay, Canada). However, drug residues in the small receiving streams were 15 to 30% of the effluent median concentrations. Six compounds (caffeine, naproxen, salicylic acid, carbamazepine, metoprolol, and sotolol) were found to persist in a small stream for a distance of at least 17 km, suggesting that small stream exposure to pharmaceutically active residues may be relatively greater than that in large bodies of water. Bioassays assessing acute and chronic effects on four organisms were conducted on four high-use drugs: Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and salicylic acid (metabolite of acetyl salicylic acid). Results indicated no negative effects except for the chronic algal (Selanastrum capricornutum) growth test on ibuprofen (no-observed-effect concentration, 10 microg/L; lowest-observed-effect concentration, 32 microg/L). Effects of these four compounds on invertebrates and plants in the receiving environments are unlikely based on the concentrations measured.

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Dans les collèges québécois des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, les arts du discours jouent un rôle fondamental. Depuis 1765, le Séminaire de Québec adopte un plan d'éducation qui, en reprenant le Ratio studiorum jésuite, fait de la classe de rhétorique le couronnement du cursus scolaire. Ce modèle sert d'exemple aux collèges que l'on fonde par la suite et, dans ces institutions encore jeunes, l'enseignement reste indissociable de la figure d'un professeur révéré dont l'ascendant s'exerce sur plusieurs générations de disciples. C'est ce que montre la fortune considérable que connaissent, à Québec, la Rhetorica de Joseph-Octave Plessis et, à Montréal, la Rhétorique d'Antoine-Jacques Houdet. L'étude de ces traités montre en quoi leurs leçons trouvent à s'illustrer ensuite chez deux des plus brillants orateurs de la période insurrectionnelle : Louis-Joseph Papineau et Édouard-Étienne Rodier. On s'aperçoit ainsi que la rhétorique constitue une tradition qui remonte sans cesse jusqu'au présent de chaque discours, tous les mots, toutes les notions, tous les enchaînements appris en classe venant susciter l'invention d'une parole à la fois nouvelle et rebelle.The discursive arts played a key role in Québec colleges during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In 1765, the Séminaire de Québec adopted an educational plan which, following the Jesuits' Ratio studiorum, made rhetoric the crowning moment of the curriculum. This model became an example for later colleges, and, in these young institutions, teaching remained indissolubly linked to the figure of a revered professor whose influence touched several generations of disciples. This is illustrated by the great popularity of Joseph-Octave Plessis's Rhetorica in Québec City and Antoine-Jacques Houdet's Rhétorique in Montréal. A study of these treatises shows how their lessons were subsequently illustrated by two of the most brilliant speakers of the insurrectionary period: Louis-Joseph Papineau and Édouard-Étienne Rodier. The tradition of rhetoric is shown to be continuously present in every speech, with all of the words, concepts and articulations learned in class being used to sustain the invention of a discourse that was both new and rebellious