24The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 25 brought with it rapid development of both molecular and serologic assays for identification of 26 COVID-19 infections. While Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization 27 (EUA) is required for clinical application of SARS-CoV-2 molecular tests, submission for EUA 28 is currently a voluntary process for manufacturers of serologic assays. The absence of FDA 29 oversight of serologic tests is concerning, given that the commercially available serologic assays 30 are highly variable, differing in their format, the antibody class detected, the targeted antigen and 31 the acceptable specimen types. An added complication is the lack of a clear understanding for 32 how such assays should be utilized and what the reported results ultimately indicate, or perhaps 33 more importantly, what they do not indicate. Here, we provide a brief summary of the 34 performance of a number of serologic assays reported in the literature, comment on what we do 35 and do not know regarding our immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and provide a number of 36 scenarios for which serologic testing will play a role in during our global response to this 37 pandemic. 38 39 40 41

Despite recent advances in diagnostic technology, microscopic examination of stool specimens remains central to the diagnosis of most pathogenic intestinal protozoa. Microscopy is, however, labor-intensive and requires a skilled technologist. New, highly sensitive diagnostic methods have been developed for protozoa endemic to developed countries, including Giardia lamblia (syn. G. intestinalis/G. duodenalis) and Cryptosporidium spp., using technologies that, if expanded, could effectively complement or even replace microscopic approaches. To date, the scope of such novel technologies is limited and may not include common protozoa such as Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, or Cyclospora cayetanensis. This minireview describes canonical approaches for the detection of pathogenic intestinal protozoa, while highlighting recent developments and FDA-approved tools for clinical diagnosis of common intestinal protozoa.

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