Abstract1 Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is by far the most common cancer diagnosed in westernized countries, [1][2][3][4][5] and one of the few almost preventable cancers if detected and treated early as up to 90% of NMSC may be attributed to excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation. 62 The incidence of NMSC is increasing: 2-3 million people are diagnosed worldwide annually, with an average yearly increase of 3-8% among white populations in Australia, Europe, the US and Canada over the last 30 years. [2][3][4][5]7 3 The link between solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and certain forms of NMSC is clearly recognized. 8,9 It is estimated that outdoor workers are exposed to an UV radiation dose 2-3 times higher than indoor workers, 8 and there is a growing body of research linking UV radiation exposure in outdoor workers to NMSC: I Occupationally UV-exposed workers are at least at a 43% higher risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and almost doubled risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared to the average population, with risk increasing with decreasing latitude [10][11][12] .II The risk for BCC, SCC and actinic keratosis (AK) among workers who have worked outdoors for more than 5 years is 3-fold higher than the risk among those with no years of working outdoors 12,13 . 4 Primary prevention, early detection, treatment and regular follow-up of skin cancer (NMSC and melanoma) are shown to be beneficial from a health economic perspective. 14-175 Action is needed at international, European and national level to legislate for recognizing AK and NMSC as an occupational disease, which has the potential to improve access to compensation and drive preventative activities. 6 This report is a Call to Action for: I The engagement of key stakeholders, including supranational institutions, national governments, trade organizations, employers, workers and patient organizations to drive change in prevention and protection of at-risk groups.II Employers should be obliged to prevent outdoor worker's UV exposure from exceeding limit values, and to implement occupational skin cancer screening programmes among the at-risk workforce.III Educational programmes for the outdoor workforce are needed to improve health literacy and drive behavioural change.IV Nationally, steps to improve notifications and surveillance of skin cancers through both occupational services and public health programmes are required. V Future research activities should focus on the precise definition of at-risk groups among outdoor workers through increased data gathering, including UV-dosimetry, and evaluation.

We present a two-dimensional solution NMR spectrum of an integral membrane protein (IMP) in a nanodisc. Solution NMR relies on rapid isotropic tumbling of the analyte with correlation times in the nanosecond range. IMPs in a cellular membrane do not satisfy this condition. Previous liquid-state NMR studies on IMPs were conducted in organic solvent or artificial membrane mimicking particles like detergent micelles. Nanodiscs are relatively small (150 kDa), detergent-free model membranes that are suitable for functional reconstitution of IMPs. Nanodiscs allow solubilization of integral membrane proteins in a nearly native lipid bilayer environment. The 70 residue polypeptide CD4mut was incorporated into nanodiscs. CD4mut features one transmembrane helix. The aliphatic (1)H-(13)C HSQC spectrum of nanodiscs with inserted, ((13)C, (15)N)-labeled CD4mut exhibits reasonably dispersed protein and lipid NMR signals. Our results demonstrate that IMPs in nanodiscs are amenable to liquid-state NMR methodology.

The presented algorithm has proven to facilitate the anamnestic procedure to estimate the lifetime UVR dose of exposed outdoor workers. With a recently developed computer-based tool, standardized interviews of suspected workers with NMSC become simple. UVR dose as well as matching of requirements for recognition as an occupational disease in an individual worker are calculated automatically. Furthermore, with ongoing on-the-job measurements, a database is created to continuously adjust the algorithm's reference values for the various UVR-exposed occupations. In addition, a job exposure matrix UVA/UVB is created as a pivotal tool for improved health and safety of outdoor workplaces and prevention of occupational actinic damage to the skin.

Solar occupational UV exposure is a major determinant of incident SCC. Our findings indicate that prevention strategies should be further expanded to the occupational setting.

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