No abstract

The aim of this work was to prepare a biocompatible implant material that enables the release of drug for osteoporosis—risedronate. To achieve this goal, a titanium implant coated with a biocompatible Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 (ZIF-8) layer was prepared that promotes osseointegration at the bone-implant interface. The modifications of the titanium alloy as well as sorption and desorption processes were confirmed using a variety of methods: SEM, EDS XPS, and FT-IR imaging (to determine surface modification, drug distribution, and risedronate sorption), and UV–Vis spectroscopy (to determine drug sorption and release profile). Both the ZIF-8 layer and the drug are evenly distributed on the surface of the titanium alloy. The obtained ZIF-8 layer did not contain impurities and zinc ions were strongly bounded by ZIF-8 layer. The ZIF-8 layer was stable during drug sorption. The drug was released in small doses for 16 h, which may help patients recover immediately after surgery. This is the first case of using ZIF-8 on the surface of the titanium alloy as carrier that releases the drug under the influence of body fluids directly at the site of the disease. It is an ideal material for implants designed for people suffering from osteoporosis.

Bisphosphonates are drugs that are used to treat osteoporosis that causes the low mineral density of the bones. These drugs can be delivered in several ways, but each method has disadvantages. Materials with high potential as carriers of these drugs are zeolites with divalent ions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of divalent cations (calcium, magnesium, zinc) and drug type (risedronate, zoledronate) on sorption and release of the drug for osteoporosis. It was proved that drug sorption occurs on all zeolites presented in this work. Risedronate sorption was highest in zinc zeolite and lowest in calcium zeolite. In the case of zoledronate, sorption was most effective in magnesium zeolite and the least effective in zinc zeolite. Very large differences in drug release profiles were also observed. Risedronate was released several times longer than zoledronate. The diversity of the results indicates that the examined materials can be used in different types of drug delivery systems. They can be used, for example, intravenously or in the form of implants due to the different release profiles. Furthermore, the proposed carriers also release magnesium and calcium ions which are used in the prevention of osteoporosis, and zinc ions which have antibacterial properties.

In this review, the main focus was on the use of zeolites as layers to modify the surface of titanium implants. The article discusses the basic methods for modifying the functional properties of zeolites (e.g., ion exchange) as well as biomedical applications of zeolites (e.g., drug delivery systems and biosensors). The article reviews the surface modifications of titanium alloys prepared so far with the use of various types of zeolites and selected examples are presented. This review shows the significant impact of titanium surface modification with zeolites, as well as their post-synthetic modification on implant properties, for instance, better biocompatibility, faster osseointegration, better cell adhesion, and corrosion resistance properties. The results of the research presented so far in this review show that the modification of titanium with zeolite layers is a very prospective subject, but underdeveloped, as evidenced by a small number of studies on this subject. We have shown that the prepared layers can be continuously improved and used, e.g., as local delivery systems for various active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). We hope that the prepared review will help research groups around the world in the preparation of implants modified with zeolites with even better properties and utility applications.

No abstract