Background: Hypertension remains the global challenge and the leading causes of worse cardiovascular event with 7.5 million toll deaths. The 2010 WHO estimate was 1.3 billion representing 31.1% of all adults with an astounding increase in low and middle-income countries including Sab-Saharan Africa.Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in two beverage industrial workplaces with a sample of 440 employees and their spouses during the period of 2016 to 2018. WHO stepwise questionnaire was used to collect data and biomedical samples were taken for predicting the 10-year cardiovascular risk by Cox regression model and multivariate logistic regression was run to determine the key factors associated with both Hypertension (HTN) classifiers. The data were coded and analyzed by SPSS 16.0 version.Results: Overall HTN prevalence was 32.27%, male with 37.8% and female with 25.2% by previous HTN classifier. Whereas the updated classifier showed an overall prevalence of 61.81%, male with 67.1% and female with 55%. The findings showed a huge difference of 29.54% with p<0.001 between the two prevalence of previous and updated blood pressure classification. Employees had a relatively high HTN prevalence of 35.92% to 65.18%, compared to the spouses with 26.47% to 56.47%, p<0.001 by previous and updated classification, respectively.Conclusions: The relatively rise prevalence of the HTN revealed by this study suggests new and combining health promotion tactics, cultural theories to fight this rampant silent killer.

Extreme Value Theory has come forth as one of the most significant probability theories in applied sciences. Modeling extreme events has always been of interest in many disciplines such as hydrology, insurance, and finance. This study seeks to model the Bank of Kigali's (BK) stock risks in Rwanda stock exchange using Extreme Value Distribution. Two major approaches are used. To model Bank of Kigali stock risks, the Generalised Extreme Value Distribution (GEVD), precisely the Block Maxima is implemented. To examine its associated exceedances, the Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD) is also implemented. Risk measures considered are the Value at Risk (VaR) and the Expected Shortfalls (ES). Findings reveal that the Frechet distribution fits reasonably well the distribution of the BK stock returns and GPD the exceedances. Also, the risk measures such as Value at Risk and Expected shortfall were computed with high level (99.5%) quantiles to serve as a guide to investors to make a decision as to whether to invest in Bank of Kigali's stock or not. The findings show that GPD fits the tail of the data well.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the world leading causes of death in non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to predict cardiovascular risk and compare two prediction models.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 440 sample size of beverage industrial participants. The 10-year prediction was processed by World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) score chart and Framingham general risk score. WHO stepwise questionnaire and biomedical forms was used. Data was collected and analyzed by SPSS 16.0 version.Results: The overall CVD low risk prediction (<10%) by Framingham general risk score (FGRS) and WHO/ISH score chart was 74.5%, 95.4%, respectively while the CVD elevated risk (≥10%) was 25.5%, 4.6%, respectively. Gender CVD risk (≥10%) was 16.1% of male versus 9.3% of female by FGRS while 2.7% of male versus 1.5% of female classified by WHO/ISH. CVD risk increases in both of the models with age but very much in FGRS. 8.4% of employees versus 5.2% of spouses was classified as having the risk of 10-20% by FGRS while WHO/ISH classified 2.5% of employees and 0.9% of spouses as having the risk of 10-20%. FGRS classified 11.7% of all participant as having the risk above 20% while WHO/ISH classified only 1% as having the risk above 20%. Two model’s kappa agreement level was fair or minimal interrater reliability with 0.25 with p value <0.001 and the correlated receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve of FGRS and WHO/ISH of 0.887 area under the curve (AUC), 0.847AUC all with a p value <0.001, respectively.Conclusions: FGRS predicted more risk in participants than WHO/ISH and was with minimal kappa agreement.