The Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) model as well as its extensions (ellipsoidal statistical BGK, Shakhov BGK, unified BGK) are used in particle-based fluid dynamics and compared with the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. To this

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Plasma flows with high Knudsen numbers cannot be treated with classic continuum methods, as represented for example by the Navier-Stokes or the magnetohydrodynamic equations. Instead, the more fundamental Boltzmann equation has to be solved, which is done here approximately by particle based methods that also allow for thermal and chemical non-equilibrium. The Particle-In-Cell method is used to treat the collisionless Vlasov-Maxwell system, while neutral reactive flows are treated by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method. In this article, a combined approach is presented that allows the simulation of reactive, partially or fully ionized plasma flows. Both particle methods are briefly outlined and the coupling and parallelization strategies are described. As an example, the results of a streamer discharge simulation are presented and discussed in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the coupled method.

A combined approach for the simulation of reactive, neutral, partially or fully ionized plasma flows is presented. This is realized in a code framework named “PICLas” for the approximate solution of the Boltzmann equation by particle based methods. PICLas combines the particle-in-cell method for the collisionless Vlasov–Maxwell system and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method for neutral reactive flows. Basic physical and mathematical modeling of both methods is addressed, and some application examples are presented in order to demonstrate the capabilities and the broad applicability of the solution strategy.

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