Aim To analyse longitudinally the immune‐inflammatory response in teeth of mice that underwent a regenerative protocol with or without the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to irrigate the root canal system. Methodology First maxillary molars of mice were devitalized using size 10 and 15 files. Teeth were divided into the following groups: Empty – the canals were left empty; Blood Clot (BC) – the canals were filled with a blood clot; and EDTA + Blood – the canals were irrigated with 0.06 mL of 17% EDTA for 1 min and filled with a blood clot. Access cavities were restored with Coltosol®. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14 or 21 days after the operative procedures, and teeth were collected. RNA was extracted, mRNA expression of the cytokines IGF, NGF, IL‐1α, IL‐10, TGF and VEGF was assessed using real‐time PCR, and the anova Kruskal–Wallis test was used. Results IL‐1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the EDTA + BC group than in the Empty and BC groups at the 7th and 14th days of evaluation (P < 0.05). IL‐10 mRNA expression was similar across the three groups at all time periods. TGF‐β mRNA expression in the EDTA + BC group was significantly higher on the 7th and 21st days than on the 14th (P < 0.05); at day 21, TGF‐β mRNA expression was similar between the BC and EDTA + BC groups but significantly higher than in the Empty group (P < 0.05). IGF mRNA expression was significantly higher in the EDTA + BC group than in the other groups at all time periods. VEGF mRNA expression remained unchanged throughout the experimental period in all groups (P > 0.05). NGF mRNA expression was similar amongst all groups at the 7th and 21st days (P > 0.05). At the 14th day, however, there was a significant increase in NGF mRNA expression in the EDTA + Blood group (P < 0.05) when compared with the expression in the other groups. Conclusion EDTA promoted increased expression of factors that have the potential to improve the outcome of regenerative endodontic treatment.

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The objective of this study was to compare the periradicular responses in endodontic infections among members of two populations: an urban Brazilian population and a non-mixed indigenous population. Samples were collected immediately and 7 days after the cleaning and shaping procedures (after reducing the intracanal microbial load) in an attempt to characterize the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-9, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17, IL-10, and the chemokines CXCR4, CCL2/monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and CCR6. The endogenous cytokine and chemokine expression levels were analyzed using real-time PCR. Only the urban population showed a significant increase in TNF-α, CCL2/MCP-1, CXCR4, and CCR6 expression following the cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. The IFN-γ levels were increased at the 2 nd collection (p < 0.05) in the indigenous population. In turn, a significant increase in IL-10 and IL-17 expression (p < 0.05) was observed after the cleaning and shaping procedures (2 nd collection) in both populations. No significant differences in the IL-1β, IL-9, and CCL4 expression levels were observed between the 1 st and 2 nd collections in both populations. The results demonstrate a cytokine and chemokine expression profile that is specific to each analyzed population. However, immune modulation mediated by IL-10 began on the 7 th day after the beginning of the endodontic treatment in both populations.

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