Passiflora plants are strategic in the context of biodiversity for food and nutrition. We applied the procedures of a systematic review protocol to study the state of the art on identification of phenolic compounds from Passiflora plants. An automated literature search was conducted using six databases and a combination of seven keywords. All the analytical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic methods were included. The studies were classified according to their method of identification, phenolic classes, and method of extraction. In total, 8,592 abstracts were found, from which 122 studies were selected for complete reading and 82 were selected for further analysis. Techniques of extraction, evaluated parts of the plant and methods of identification were systematized. Studies with leaves were most conspicuous (54.4%), 34 species of Passiflora were evaluated and orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin were commonly found structures. A High Performance Liquid Chromatography-diode array detector was the technique most applied, with which the same structures were identified all through the studies, although other unknown structures were detected, but not elucidated. The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry, which are more sensitive techniques, needs to be intensified, to identify other unconventional compounds detected in Passiflora, to enhance the comprehension of the bioactive compounds in these plants.

The protective effect of plant-based foods in human health has been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in all parts of the plants. A previous study found a high level of minerals, tannins and phytic acid in the baru nut (Dipteryx alata Vog.), which is a native fruit of the Brazilian savanna. This study investigated the antioxidant activity (AA) of the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of the baru nut and the effect of the consumption of this nut on the oxidative status of rats supplemented orally with iron. The AA was evaluated in vitro using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), β-carotene/linoleic acid system and freeradical scavenging (DPPH) assays. The total polyphenol concentration was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The in vivo study was conducted in male Wistar rats that were fed an AIN-93M diet with or without 10% baru nut or 1% phytic acid and supplemented daily with iron or saline by gavages for 17 days. The liver, heart and spleen were collected for the determination of the malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl protein and iron concentrations. The specific activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were also determined in these tissues. A T test was used to compare the results among the rats groups and between the different baru nut extracts (p b 0.05). The aqueous extract of the baru nut contained a higher level of phenolic compounds and a higher antioxidant activity, as measured by FRAP and the β-carotene/linoleic system, relative to the EtOAc extract. The iron supplementation reduced the body weight gain, increased the levels of iron and MDA in the liver and the spleen and increased the carbonyl levels in all three tissues. Consumption of the baru nut reduced the carbonyl levels in the liver, heart and spleen of the iron-supplemented rats (p = 0.002, 0.012 and 0.036, respectively) relative to the heart carbonyl level of rats that were fed the control diet (p = 0.000); it also marginally reduced the ironinduced lipid oxidation in the liver (p = 0.117) and the spleen (p = 0.074). Phytic acid reduced the carbonyl level in the spleen (p = 0.020) and marginally reduced the carbonyl level in the liver (p = 0.098) of ironsupplemented rats. These results demonstrated that the consumption of the baru nut protects tissues against iron-induced oxidative stress, and the phytic acid from the baru nut may be partially responsible for this protective effect; however, other compounds such as phenols may also be involved.

Aging may be related to oxidative damage accumulation and a low-grade inflammation, both responses are modulated by iron and phytochemicals. This study investigated the effect of tucum-do-cerrado (Bactris setosa Mart.) consumption on the expression of sirtuins (SIRT 1 and 3) and senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30), and on the redox and inflammatory responses, in adult rats supplemented or not with dietary iron. Male Wistar rats were treated for 12 weeks with: control diet (CT); iron enriched-diet (+Fe); control diet + 15% tucum-do-cerrado (Tuc); or iron enriched-diet + 15% tucum-do-cerrado (Tuc + Fe). Iron supplementation (+Fe) increased liver, spleen and intestine iron levels, transferrin saturation, serum iron, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, hepatic carbonyl content and and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, hepatic Nrf2 protein and Nqo1 mRNA levels and decreased the renal Sirt1 mRNA levels in relation to CT group. Tucum-do-cerrado consumption (Tuc) increased hepatic SOD activity, Nrf2 and SIRT1 mRNA and protein contents, and Nqo1 mRNA levels, while it decreased the renal SOD activity compared with the CT diet. The consumption of tucum-do-cerrado associated with the iron-enriched diet (Tuc + Fe) increased the iron levels in tissues and serum transferrin saturation, compared to the CT diet, while promoting a decrease in hepatic carbonyl and renal malondialdehyde levels, marginally reducing serum IL-6 levels, and increasing hepatic SIRT1 protein content, renal Sirt1 and hepatic Nrf2 mRNA levels, compared to the +Fe group. None of the treatments altered Smp30 mRNA levels. The results suggest that tucum-do-cerrado consumption might promote an anti-aging effect by increasing SIRT1 expression, which may enhance Nrf2 mRNA and protein levels and its downstream pathway, which in turn decrease oxidative damage to proteins and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), induced by iron excess.

Anemia is a worldwide public health problem that can be related to many causes, including vitamin A deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess and estimate the effect of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) on iron status biomarkers and anemia in humans. Six databases, including Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, were searched for clinical trials and cohort studies that investigated the effect of vitamin A supplementation alone on iron status and anemia, without time-restriction. The search yielded 23 eligible studies, 21 clinical trials and 2 cohort studies, with children, teenagers, pregnant or lactating women. The meta-analysis of the clinical trials showed that VAS reduces the risk of anemia by 26% and raises hemoglobin levels, compared to non-treated group, independent of the life stage. VAS did not alter the prevalence of iron deficiency among the clinical trials conducted with children and teenagers (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.12, p = 0.204), whereas a significant increase in serum ferritin levels was observed in trials conducted with pregnant and lactating women (WMD 6.61 μg/L; 95% CI 6.00 to 7.21 μg/L; p < 0.001). Therefore, vitamin A supplementation alone may reduce the risk of anemia, by improving hemoglobin and ferritin levels in individuals with low serum retinol levels.

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