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ABSTRACT. We present the first snow/ice chemistry and ice radar results ever collected from South Georgia as part of an initial reconnaissance with the ultimate goal of assessing the feasibility of a South Georgia ice core to reconstruct past climate in the South Atlantic. South Georgia is well situated to capture a record of past atmospheric chemical composition over the South Atlantic and of past variability in the position and intensity of the austral westerlies. The question is how well preserved an ice core record can be recovered from a region experiencing accelerated melting? The results presented in this paper offer only a preliminary step in determining the feasibility of future deep ice coring on South Georgia. However, this initial reconnaissance does provide some basic information including: the chemistry of the atmosphere over South Georgia relative to other Southern Hemisphere ice coring sites; the potential for preservation of 'annual layers' in old ice on the island; a possible age for deep ice in the region; and an estimate of glacier health in the lower elevation regions of the island.

Universidad Privada del Norte Profesional en Negocios Internacionales encargado de la coordinación de medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo (MINCETUR) Nota del autor: Las ideas vertidas en el presente artículo son propias del autor y no representan la posición de ninguna institución. Ha participado en las negociaciones del TLC Perú -Turquía y en la implementación de los acuerdos comerciales con Estados Unidos, Canadá y Unión Europea. AbstractCurrently, tariffs do not represent the main barrier to foreign trade, due to the continued reduction of these measures in the multilateral or bilateral level. In contrast, non-tariff measures have increased to be considered as the main concern for exports. In this context, one kind of such measures becomes more important, the sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. SPS measures serve to protect the health of people, animals and plants against risks associated with diseases, pests between others; however, by the design of those measures, they can distort trade or even been used for protectionist purposes in favor of national industries of importing countries.This article questions whether Peru has achieved real market access for its agricultural and fishery products, because of the wide range of international trade agreements in force. In this sense, historical and pending cases are presented in terms of market access due to SPS measures, like the access for Peruvian avocadoes In the Japanese market. Furthermore, the provisions of trade agreements in terms of sanitary and phytosanitary measures are analyzed in order to present potential opportunities that are established in these agreements and how they encourage trade. It is also presented that those kind of measures have not been used to facilitate Peruvian foreign trade.

Previamente se han identificado una serie de determinantes de la actividad regulatoria de asuntos sanitarios y fitosanitarios, tales como las capacidades científicas, legales, la producción nacional, entre otros. Si bien las principales determinantes se orientan a aspectos regulatorios, no es posible descartar que sean utilizadas como barreras al comercio. En el caso del Perú, siendo uno de los Miembros de la OMC que más notificaciones ha emitido, no se ha analizado previamente los factores subyacentes relacionados a este tipo de medidas. En ese sentido, mediante modelos Probit y Logit se ha podido identificar los factores que inciden en la probabilidad de que el Perú notifique medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Los resultados indican que, contrariamente a lo esperado, en el caso peruano el aumento de las capacidades científicas y legales generarían una menor cantidad de medidas sanitarias. Esto sugeriría que este país aplica más medidas de las necesarias, pudiendo ser utilizadas como barreras al comercio.