Sourgrass is one of the weeds of great economic importance in Brazil due to its difficulty of control and conditions that allow its emergence and development throughout the year. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of clethodim and haloxyfop applied alone or mixed with glyphosate and other herbicides to control glyphosate-resistant sourgrass at different stages of development. For this, three experiments were conducted in the field: in experiment 1, the herbicides were applied in sourgrass plants with 6 to 8 tillers; and in experiments 2 and 3, when plants were at full flowering, with up to 18 tillers. After treatment application, visual evaluations were performed at 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 days after application (DAA) in experiment 1 and at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 DAA in experiments 2 and 3. Also in experiment 3, the shoot of remaining plants was collected in the last control evaluation to measure the dry matter. In experiment 1, the treatment glyphosate + clethodim presented a satisfactory control close to 90%, but after 35 DAA, sourgrass plants started showing significant resprouts, decreasing the control. In experiments 2 and 3, treatments showed no control above 90% and the herbicides clethodim and haloxyfop had similar final control when in mixture with glyphosate. Therefore, the isolated herbicide application at the tested doses was not sufficient for efficient control of sourgrass at more advanced stages of development.

ABSTRACT. The long-term exploitation of natural resources by agricultural activities has resulted in the need for alternative measures to restore degraded soil. The cultivation of cover crops can generate great benefits for agricultural systems, enabling the exploitation of natural resources, including water, light and nutrients, as well as the recovery of degraded soils. This work aimed to assess the coverage rate, fresh mass and dry mass of cover crops from fall and winter as well as the floristic composition of the weeds. The work was conducted in field conditions in soil classified as eutroferric Red Oxisol in the region of the city of Palotina, Paraná State, Brazil, using a random block experimental design with four replications. The treatments consisted of seven cover cultures: wild radish, linseed, triticale, rye, rapeseed, crambe, oats and fallow. The species with the highest coverage rates and fresh mass and dry mass values were wild radish, rapeseed and crambe. In the floristic and phytosociological data, the species with the highest incidence were Amaranthus retroflexus, Commelina benghalensis L., Brachiaria plantaginea and Gnaphalium spicatum.Keywords: natural resources, crop rotation, weeds.Desempenho de culturas de outono e inverno no sistema de plantio direto no oeste do Estado do Paraná RESUMO. A exploração dos recursos naturais, pelas atividades agrícolas ao longo do tempo resultou na necessidade de buscar medidas alternativas para recuperação do solo degradado. O cultivo de plantas de cobertura é uma alternativa que gera grandes benefícios aos sistemas agrícolas, viabilizando a exploração dos recursos naturais, água, luz e nutrientes e recuperação de solos degradados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o percentual de taxa de cobertura, massa fresca e massa seca das culturas de cobertura de outono e inverno e a composição florística de plantas daninhas. O trabalho foi conduzido em condições de campo em solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, na região do município de Palotina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram constituidos por sete culturas de coberturas: nabo forrageiro, linhaça, triticale, centeio, canola, crambe, aveia; e área de pousio. As espécies que apresentaram os maiores valores de taxa de cobertura, massa fresca e massa seca foi o nabo forrageiro, canola e crambe. No levantamento florístico e fitossociológico, as espécies com maior incidência foram Amaranthus retroflexus, Commelina benghalensis L., Brachiaria plantaginea e Gnaphalium spicatum.Palavras-chave: recursos naturais, rotação de culturas, plantas daninhas.

Other herbicides, alone or in combination with glyphosate, may be effective in controlling Richardia brasiliensis, Commelina benghalensis, Conyza sumatrensis e Digitaria insularis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides, alone or in combination, in the control of these weeds in the off-season. Three composite experiments were conducted by applying herbicides, alone or in combinations. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted in Palotina, State of Paraná (PR), Brazil. Experiment 3 in Iporã, PR, Brazil. The three during fall 2017 in fallow areas after soybean harvest. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and weed control at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after application (DAA). The control of R. brasiliensis and C. benghalensis was evaluated in the three experiments, the control of C. sumatrensis, in experiments 1 and 2, while the control of D. insularis was evaluated only in experiment 3. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and F-test (p < 0.05). The treatment means values of experiments 1 and 2 were compared by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05), and the treatment mean values of experiment 3 were grouped by the Scott and Knott test (p < 0.05). Some herbicide combinations were effective in controlling R. brasiliensis, C. benghalensis, in a single or sequential application. Herbicide combinations were effective in controlling C. sumatrensis with sequential application. Herbicide combinations in a single application did not provide satisfactory final control (≥ 80%) for D. insularis.