In order to determine the current prevalence and incidence of fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, we conducted a prospective observational study of a consecutive series of HIV-infected patients. Of 128 enrolled patients, 70 patients completed four quarterly follow-up visits over a period of 1 year. Over this period, declining rates of carriage of Candida albicans (from 61% to 39%; P = .008) and of oropharyngeal candidiasis (from 30% to 4%; P < .001) were documented. Trends toward reduction in the frequency of fluconazole-resistant isolates (MIC, > or = 64 micrograms/mL) were also seen. During the survey period, the mean (median) number of antiretroviral agents used per patient rose from 0.5 (0) to 1.8 (2) (P < .001). Thus, rather than progression, we observed declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis, C. albicans carriage, and fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in a cohort of HIV-infected patients treated with increasingly effective antiretroviral therapy.

To estimate the prevalence of both clinically evident and asymptomatic carriage of fluconazole-resistant Candida, we prospectively surveyed 128 adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The patients had an average CD4 cell count of 206/mm3. Ninety-seven isolates of Candida were obtained from the oropharynx of 82 patients (64%). Of these 82 patients, 76% carried C. albicans alone; 18%, both albicans and non-albicans isolates; and 6%, non-albicans species alone. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was evident in only 38 (46%) of the 82 patients for whom a culture was positive and was never seen unless C. albicans was present. When MICs were measured by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-T methodology and grouped by using recently proposed breakpoints, we found that eight of the 38 patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis and six of the 44 patients who were asymptomatically colonized carried C. albicans isolates resistant to fluconazole (MIC, > or = 64 micrograms/mL); estimated rates of carriage were 21% (95% confidence interval, 10%-37%) and 14% (95% confidence interval, 5%-27%), respectively. Carriage of resistant isolates of C. albicans by HIV-infected adults is more common than previously suspected, and clinicians should be alert to the possible need for either higher doses of fluconazole or alternative treatment modalities.

No abstract