The aim was to analyze the effects of cardiorespiratory exercise and air pollution on cognition and cardiovascular markers in four groups of older women: the active/clean air group (AC), the active/polluted air group (AP), the sedentary/clean air group (SC), and the sedentary/polluted air group (SP). Active groups performed a training task based on progressive walking. Prior to and after the experiment, the following parameters were assessed: cognition, by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE); maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), estimated by the Six-Minute Walk Test (6mWT); heart rate (HR); and oxygen saturation (SpO2). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the AC and the SP in all the MMSE dimensions except “Registration”, and in all the physiological variables (VO2max, SpO2, HR). Aerobic exercise may be a protective factor against the effects that pollution have on cognition and on the mechanisms of oxygen transport.
El déficit de instrumentos para valorar la calidad de formación otorgada a los alumnos de la carrera de pedagogía en educación física, a partir de la determinación de fortalezas y debilidades, antes del egreso, asociada al conocimiento de las bases curriculares y planes y programas de la asignatura de Educación Física y Salud, del Ministerio de Educación de Chile, limita de una u otra forma introducir remediales anticipadamente. El presente es un estudio descriptivo, proyectivo transversal, contempló la determinación de protocolos de elaboración (consulta de expertos nacionales (n=8) e internacionales (n=6) respecto a aspectos formales, metodológicos y selección de ítems por dimensión (Expresión, Didáctica, Gestión, Entrenamiento, Deportes, Recreación, Salud y Primeros Auxilios). En su validación participaron alumnos (as) del último año de la carrera. La muestra N=214, n=133 hombres y n=81 mujeres, de seis entidades de educación superior. Los resultados permiten determinar que el instrumento en su primera versión de 90 ítems presenta una consistencia interna de .756, un índice promedio de dificultad adecuada de 0,54, un índice promedio de discriminación bueno de 0,35 y un coeficiente de discriminación regular de 0,21. Hechas las correspondientes correcciones a partir de la evidencia, se configuró una versión final del instrumento con 70 ítems, cuya caracterización psicométrica presenta una consistencia interna de .778, un índice promedio de dificultad adecuada de 0,59, un índice promedio de discriminación alta de 0,39 y un coeficiente de discriminación bueno de 0,25, lo que permite señalar que la prueba es adecuada para medir adquisición de saberes en el proceso de formación.Summary. The lack of instruments to establish the quality of training given to students enrolled in bachelor programs in pedagogy of physical education, from the determination of strengths and weaknesses before their graduation to the knowledge of curricular foundations, plans, and programs of the Physical Education and Health course from the Ministry of Education of Chile, limits in many ways the possibility to make changes beforehand. This is a descriptive, projective transversal study, which aims at determining elaboration procedures (consultation with eight national and six international experts) regarding formal and methodological aspects, as well as the selection of items by dimension (bodily expression, didactics, management, training, sports, recreation, health, and first aid). Students from the last year of the program participated in the validation of the instrument. The final sample was composed by 214 participants (men = 133; women = 81) from six higher education institutions. The results allowed to determine that the initial version of the instrument, comprising 90 items, presented internal consistency of .756, average rate of adequate difficulty of 0.54, average rate of good discrimination of 0.35, and coefficient of regular discrimination of 0.21. After making corrections based on the initial evidence, the final version of the instrument was composed by 70 items. Its psychometric characterization showed internal consistency of .778, average adequate difficulty rate of 0.59, average index of high discrimination of 0.39, and good discrimination coefficient of 0.25, which confirms that the test is suitable for measuring knowledge acquisition during the training process.
Resumen Estudio descriptivo, transversal exploratorio, orientado a determinar la calidad de la Educación Física ejercida en las unidades educativas. La muestra tomó como base los establecimientos educacionales del Ministerio de Educación de Chile; del total de establecimientos fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente n=44, los que representan al 3,3%, segmentados en colegios Particular Pagados n=6,2 (8%); Municipalizados n=21 (5,2%) y Particular Subvencionados n=17 (2,2%). El instrumento “conocimiento reforma educacional” se aplicó a n=36, profesores, correspondiendo al 78% del total, con un missing de 22%. El instrumento “intereses deportivos” se aplicó a n=4.938 alumnos. El estudio permitió determinar el estado del arte respecto a la calidad de la Educación Física ejercida en las unidades educativas, así como las condiciones bajo las cuales se desarrollan éstas. Palabras clave: Gestión; Calidad; Educación; Educación Física. Evaluation and determination of quality standards for physical education in primary education Abstract Descriptive, transversal and explanatory study targeted at determining the quality of physical education in educational units. The sample included data from educational establishments of the Chilean Ministry of Education; n=44 establishments were selected at random, which represent 3.3% of the total; they disaggregate into n=6.2 (8%) paid private schools, n=21 (5,2%) municipal schools, and n=17 (2,2%) subsidised private schools. The instrument "education reform knowledge" was applied to n=36 teachers, representing 78% of the total, with a missing of 22%. The instrument "sports interests" was applied to N=4938 students. The study determined the state of the art concerning the quality of physical education taught in educational units and the conditions of its development. Key words: Education Administration; Quality; Education; Physical Education.
Estudio que comprende recopilación de datos en un periodo de tres años consecutivos (2016, 2017, 2018), donde se observa el progreso y mejora en el dominio de contenidos acuáticos desde su fase inicial, elemental y avanzada. Tiene como objetivo, Establecer la influencia de una propuesta metodológica de ambientación lúdica acuática para niños de seis a diez años. Por medio de la utilización del juego como herramienta fundamental para el desarrollo de la enseñanza y aprendizaje del dominio de los contenidos de la natación. La Hipótesis de trabajo H1 Una propuesta de ambientación lúdico acuática influye significativamente en el proceso de ambientación en niños/as entre seis a diez años. H0 Una propuesta de ambientación lúdico acuática no influye significativamente en el proceso de ambientación en niños/as de seis a diez años. Procedimiento método: el diseño es cuasiexperimental, de carácter trasversal, exploratorio, que incluye una preprueba (Test-Retest) en un grupo de sujetos. Mientras que el grupo control se compone sucesivamente. La muestra está constituida por total n=76 niños/as. Resultados: estos permiten determinar que existe un aumento progresivo en el porcentaje de logro del dominio de contenidos en la práctica de la natación. Es posible establecer cambios en el comportamiento de la conducta de los sujetos, tales como, participación, autonomía, tolerancia, entre otros, es posible determinar, en definitiva, que la utilización de actividades lúdicas muestra avances progresivos durante el proceso de desarrollo de la enseñanza y aprendizaje en el dominio de contenidos acuáticos. En consecuencia, es posible establecer que la metodología utilizada resulta útil en las etapas de formación, donde resulta importante la motivación, como búsqueda del placer mediante la aplicación de actividades atractivas que perduren en el tiempo en los niños/as participantes. Summary. Study comprising data collection over a period of three consecutive years (2016, 2017, 2018), which shows the progress and improvement in the domain of water content from its initial, elementary and advanced phase. It aims, establish the influence of a methodological proposal for aquatic recreational setting for children from six to ten years. Using the game as a fundamental tool for the development of the teaching and learning of the domain of the contents of swimming. The hypothesis of work proposed a setting H1 playful aquatic significantly influences the process of setting in children between six to ten years. H0 a proposal of setting leisure aquatic does not affect significantly the process of setting in children from six to ten years. Procedure method: the design is quasi-experimental, transverse, explorative, character which includes a pre-test (Test-Retest) in a group of subjects. While the control group is composed on. The sample consists of total n = 76 children. Results: these allow to determine that there is a progressive increase in the percentage of achievement of mastery of content in the practice of swimming. It is possible to establish changes in the behavior of the conduct of the subject, such as participation, autonomy, tolerance, among others, it is possible to determine, ultimately, that the use of activities shows progressive advances during the development process of teaching and learning in the domain of water content. As a result, it is possible to establish that the methodology is useful in the stages of formation, where motivation, as pleasure-seeking through the application of attractive activities lasting over time in children it is important participants.
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