Recebido em 8/3/06; aceito em 14/6/06; publicado na web em 10/1/07 EXTRACTION, STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF α-AND β-CHITIN. The fact that α-and β-chitin adopt different arrays in the solid state is explored to emphasize their different properties and distinct spectral characteristics and X ray diffraction patterns. The methods for their extraction from the biomass in view of the preservation of their native structures and aiming to fulfill the claims of purity and uniformity for potential applications are discussed. The different arrays adopted by α-and β-chitin also result in distinct reactivities toward the deacetylation reaction. Thus, the deacetylation of β-chitin is more efficient owing to the better accessibility to amide groups due to the lower crystallinity of this polymorph.Keywords: polymorphs; chitin; chitosan. INTRODUÇÃOA quitina foi isolada por Braconnot em 1881, trinta anos antes do isolamento da celulose, mas a falta de conhecimento básico sobre suas propriedades, incluindo a reatividade química, limitou severamente suas aplicações industriais até o início dos anos 1970 1 . A partir de então, o interesse progressivo na química de quitina resultou no desenvolvimento de muitos estudos que visaram aumentar o conhecimento sobre as relações estruturas/propriedades deste polímero e seus derivados. Atualmente, os usos industriais e em larga escala de quitina ainda são muito menos importantes que os de celulose, mas alguns importantes segmentos do mercado já são ocupados por derivados de quitina. A quitosana, por ex., é um polímero muito versátil com aplicações nas indústrias cosmética 2 e alimentícia 3 e que a mais de 25 anos é empregado como agente de floculação no tratamento de efluentes aquosos 4 . Sua capacidade de interagir com variada gama de substâncias, tais como proteínas, lipídeos, pesticidas, corantes, íons metálicos e radioisótopos, qualifica a quitosana para aplicações voltadas tanto para detecção e análise dessas substâncias como para sua concentração ou recuperação 1,5 . Além disso, a quitosana exibe atividade antimicrobiana e devido a sua atoxicidade, biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade também tem grande potencial para aplicações na agricultura, em medicina, odontologia e formulações farmacêuticas 1,[5][6][7][8][9][10] . As possibilidades de aplicações são ainda enriquecidas pelo fato que a quitosana pode ser preparada em diferentes formas, tais como soluções de viscosidade controlada, géis, filmes e membranas, microesferas e nanopartículas.Nos últimos 40 anos foram realizados muitos estudos que demonstraram haver uma estreita relação de dependência entre as características estruturais e morfológicas de quitina, quitosana e seus derivados, suas propriedades e aplicações potenciais. De fato, o interesse comercial nas aplicações de quitosana e derivados aumentou vertiginosamente nas últimas três décadas, o que pode ser constatado pelo depósito de patentes no Japão, Europa, China, Coréia e, principalmente, nos EUA. Assim, conforme o "United States Patent and Trademark Office", foram regi...
Ultrasound‐assisted deacetylation (USAD) produces chitosan by treating beta‐chitin suspended in 40% aqueous sodium hydroxide with high‐intensity ultrasound irradiation. Chitosans resulting from the application of non‐isothermal and isothermal USAD processes were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, viscosity measurements and size‐exclusion chromatography. The characteristics of the USAD‐produced chitosan strongly depend on the processing temperature and ultrasound parameters, namely the irradiation amplitude and duration, with viscosity‐average molecular weight in the range 100 000–750 000 g mol−1 and average degree of acetylation in the range 6.0–25.0%. Moreover, appropriate adjustment of the USAD parameters allows the production of chitosan with high molecular weight (Mw ≈ 106 g mol−1) and low degree of acetylation (ca 7.0%) after a single‐step short‐time processing (30 min) carried out at low to moderate temperature (50–80 °C). The occurrence of cavitation, a phenomenon whose intensity depends on the irradiation amplitude and duration as well as on the processing temperature, is responsible for reducing the average size of the polysaccharide particles, favoring the accessibility of sodium hydroxide to the reactive sites and supporting a more efficient deacetylation of beta‐chitin as compared to the thermochemical process. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Chitosan, a biopolymer obtained from chitin, and its derivates, such as chitosan hydrochloride, has been reported as wound healing accelerators and as possible bone substitutes for tissue engineering, and therefore these substances could be relevant in dentistry and periodontology. The purpose of this investigation was to make a histological evaluation of chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride biomaterials (gels) used in the correction of critical size bone defects made in rat's calvaria. Bone defects of 8 mm in diameter were surgically created in the calvaria of 50 Holtzman (Rattus norvegicus) rats and filled with blood clot (control), low molecular weight chitosan, high molecular weight chitosan, low molecular weight chitosan hydrochloride, and high molecular weight chitosan hydrochloride, numbering 10 animals, divided into two experimental periods (15 and 60 days), for each biomaterial. The histological evaluation was made based on the morphology of the new-formed tissues in defect's region, and the results indicated that there was no statistical difference between the groups when the new bone formation in the entire defect's area were compared (p > 0.05) and, except in the control groups, assorted degrees of inflammation could be seen. In conclusion, chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride biomaterials used in this study were not able to promote new bone formation in critical size defects made in rat's calvaria.
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