Summary Recently, a putative new pestivirus species, provisionally named as Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV), was associated with the congenital tremor in piglets in North America and consequently in Europe and Asia. The present research aimed to describe the detection and characterization of APPV employing NS5B gene partial sequencing, gross pathology and histologic examination of piglets displaying congenital tremor from two different farms of Southern Brazil. No gross lesions were observed, and the histological findings revealed moderate vacuolization of the white matter of the cerebellum. RT‐PCR followed by DNA sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of APPV in samples from the two farms, which the samples were distinct in nature. Phylogenetic reconstruction reinforced the high genetic variability within the APPVs previously reported. This is the first report of APPV in South America suggesting that this new group of viruses may be widespread in swine herds in other countries as it is in Brazil.

Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus infection, which can persist over several years without overt signs but is generally associated with the eventual death of the affected snakes. Thus far, reports have confirmed the existence of reptarenaviruses in captive snakes in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, but there is no evidence that it also occurs in wild snakes. BIBD affects boa species within the subfamily Boinae and pythons in the family Pythonidae, the habitats of which do not naturally overlap. Here, we studied Brazilian captive snakes with BIBD using a metatranscriptomic approach, and we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a new species in the family Chuviridae. The reptarenavirus L segments identified are divergent enough to represent six novel species, while we found only a single novel reptarenavirus S segment. Until now, hartmaniviruses had been identified only in European captive boas with BIBD, and the present results increase the number of known hartmaniviruses from four to six. The newly identified chuvirus showed 38.4%, 40.9%, and 48.1% amino acid identity to the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, respectively, of its closest relative, Guangdong red-banded snake chuvirus-like virus. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that the found viruses originated from imported snakes, the results suggest that the viruses could circulate in indigenous snake populations. IMPORTANCE Boid inclusion body disease (BIBD), caused by reptarenavirus infection, affects captive snake populations worldwide, but the reservoir hosts of reptarenaviruses remain unknown. Here, we report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and a chuvirus in captive Brazilian boas with BIBD. Three of the four snakes studied showed coinfection with all three viruses, and one of the snakes harbored three novel reptarenavirus L segments and one novel S segment. The samples originated from collections with Brazilian indigenous snakes only, which could indicate that these viruses circulate in wild snakes. The findings could further indicate that boid snakes are the natural reservoir of reptarena- and hartmaniviruses commonly found in captive snakes. The snakes infected with the novel chuvirus all suffered from BIBD; it is therefore not possible to comment on its potential pathogenicity and contribution to the observed changes in the present case material.

Word number in abstract and importance: 221 and 143 Word number in text: 4687 ABSTRACT 3 Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) is a transmissible viral disease of captive snakes that 4 causes severe losses in snake collections worldwide. It is caused by reptarenavirus infection, 5 which can persist over several years without overt signs, but is generally associated with the 6 eventual death of the affected snakes. Thus far, reports have confirmed existence of 7 reptarenaviruses in captive snakes in North America, Europe, and Australia, but there is no 8 evidence that it also occurs in wild snakes. BIBD affects both boas and pythons, the habitats 9 of which do not naturally overlap. Herein, we studied Brazilian captive snakes with BIBD 10 using a metatranscriptomic approach, and report the identification of novel reptarenaviruses, 11 hartmaniviruses, and a new species in the family Chuviridae. The reptarenavirus L segments 12 identified represent six novel species, while we only found a single novel reptarenavirus S 13 segment. Until now, hartmaniviruses had been identified only in European captive boas with 14 BIBD, and the present results increase the number of known hartmanivirus species from four 15 to six. The newly identified chuvirus showed 38.4%, 40.9%, and 48.1% amino acid identity to 16 the nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of its closest relative, 17Guangdong red-banded snake chuvirus-like virus. Although we cannot rule out the possibility 18 that the found viruses originated from imported snakes, the results suggest that the viruses 19 would circulate in indigenous snake populations. 20Reptarenavirus NP expression was mainly restricted to the IBs (Figs. 2B and 3B, C), whereas 129 hartmanivirus NP was also detected throughout the cytoplasm (Fig. 2C). 130 Analysis of the identified reptarenavirus sequences. 131We used the PAirwise Sequence Comparison (PASC) web tool (available at 132 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/pasc/viridty.cgi?textpage=overview), recommended by 133 the Arenaviridae study group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 134 (ICTV) for arenavirus classification (16), to analyze the identified reptarenavirus segments. 135The PASC results showed that we had recovered CDSs for seven novel L and two novel S 136 segments ( Table 2). The PASC analysis identified one of the L segments in snake #1 as UHV-137

Main clinical signs were weight loss, excessive lacrimation or mucopurulent ocular discharge, nasal serous discharge, ventral diphteric glossitis, crusts in the nose, teats, dorsum of ears, and vulva. Liver biopsy was performed in all the cows under risk; the histopathological findings in the liver biopsies consisted of fibrosis, megalocytosis, and biliary ductal proliferation and were present in 73.4% of the biopsied animals. Six cows had increased serum activity of gamma glutamyl transferase. Three affected cows were necropsied. The main necropsy findings were a hard liver, distended gall bladder, edema of the mesentery and abomasum. Liver histological changes in the necropsied cows were similar to those of the biopsied livers. Spongiosis was detected in the brain of necropsied cows and is characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy.

Neoplasms in swine are rare. This paper describes neoplasms found in swine in the diagnostic routine of a veterinary pathology laboratory in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil during a 49-year period, during which 2,266 cases of the various affections in swine were diagnosed. Of those 37 cases (1.6%) were neoplasms. In decreasing order of prevalence, the following neoplasms were found: lymphoma (11 out of 37 cases), nephroblastoma (11/37), melanoma (8/37), and papilloma (2/37). Adenoma hepatocelular, carcinoma hepatocelular, cholangiocarcinoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, granulocytic sarcoma were each found in one case out of the 37 cases. The gross and histological aspects of these tumors are described and their epidemiology is compared with the data available in the literature for neoplasia in swine.